to make place for 5G masts (Brown et al. 2015; Connectiv.Events 2019; Nina 2019)
in favor of faster data transfer and for coal or windmills in favor of cheap energy
(Dumke 2018; see also Chap. 13, Sects. 13.3.4.2 and 13.4). The high energy need of
Smart Cities due to the large number of technical devices used in them (see
Chap. 13), occasionally coupled with populist measures to justify the eco-label of
Smart Cities and with legal incentives by subsidies for renewable energies, e.g. in
Germany, lead to an overhasty extension of wind energy along with deforestation in
favor of windmills, even in windless areas of Germany, meanwhile triggering
hundreds of initiatives to stop the extension of windmills to avoid the ongoing
deforestation, the endangerment of threatened animal species and the distortion of
the landscape by windmills (Dumke 2018; Der Spiegel 2016).
11.3.7 Illegal Logging
Illegal logging comprises many actions, including the violation of laws, particularly,
national laws, by human activities such as the sale of timber, and the harvest,
transport or purchase of forest products. Illegal logging is pervasive in all parts of
the world, including the developing world, where timber provider countries constitute over half of timber exports and production transacted through illegal logging
activity. Perpetrators gain certain economic benefits such as reduced legal and
regulatory compliance costs and, sometimes, price reduction to boost sales
(Reboredo 2013). The immediate deforestation and degradation of forest provokes
illegal logging activity (Gani 2013). Illegal activities that incorporate in illegal
logging are not only specific to the forest sector, but they also included processing
illegal timber, trading wood and producing wood (Bouriaud and Niskanen 2003a, b).
Malaysia has become the 10th largest furniture exporter among Southeast Asia
countries of tropical timber, timber products and furniture (FDMASIA 2018); at
the same time illegal logging was the 4th largest contributor to Malaysia’s economy
in 2008 (Gani 2013). However, Malaysia’s exports and domestic goods were
harvested illegally, with harvest overcutting accounting for 40% and illegal logging
rate 35% (Greenpeace 2004). In addition, the impact of illegal logging has been
categorized into direct impact and non-direct impact, with direct relating to premiums, royalty losses as a part of overall government revenue, while indirect impact
is associated with forest and land damage, wildlife loss and possible extinction of
endangered species (Gani 2013).
11.3.8 Landslide
Landslide incidents threaten human lives and the security of the public, damaging
property and often taking lives. Climate-related factors also can contribute to
landslides. as can the unregulated development of slopes due to human negligence
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in favor of faster data transfer and for coal or windmills in favor of cheap energy
(Dumke 2018; see also Chap. 13, Sects. 13.3.4.2 and 13.4). The high energy need of
Smart Cities due to the large number of technical devices used in them (see
Chap. 13), occasionally coupled with populist measures to justify the eco-label of
Smart Cities and with legal incentives by subsidies for renewable energies, e.g. in
Germany, lead to an overhasty extension of wind energy along with deforestation in
favor of windmills, even in windless areas of Germany, meanwhile triggering
hundreds of initiatives to stop the extension of windmills to avoid the ongoing
deforestation, the endangerment of threatened animal species and the distortion of
the landscape by windmills (Dumke 2018; Der Spiegel 2016).
11.3.7 Illegal Logging
Illegal logging comprises many actions, including the violation of laws, particularly,
national laws, by human activities such as the sale of timber, and the harvest,
transport or purchase of forest products. Illegal logging is pervasive in all parts of
the world, including the developing world, where timber provider countries constitute over half of timber exports and production transacted through illegal logging
activity. Perpetrators gain certain economic benefits such as reduced legal and
regulatory compliance costs and, sometimes, price reduction to boost sales
(Reboredo 2013). The immediate deforestation and degradation of forest provokes
illegal logging activity (Gani 2013). Illegal activities that incorporate in illegal
logging are not only specific to the forest sector, but they also included processing
illegal timber, trading wood and producing wood (Bouriaud and Niskanen 2003a, b).
Malaysia has become the 10th largest furniture exporter among Southeast Asia
countries of tropical timber, timber products and furniture (FDMASIA 2018); at
the same time illegal logging was the 4th largest contributor to Malaysia’s economy
in 2008 (Gani 2013). However, Malaysia’s exports and domestic goods were
harvested illegally, with harvest overcutting accounting for 40% and illegal logging
rate 35% (Greenpeace 2004). In addition, the impact of illegal logging has been
categorized into direct impact and non-direct impact, with direct relating to premiums, royalty losses as a part of overall government revenue, while indirect impact
is associated with forest and land damage, wildlife loss and possible extinction of
endangered species (Gani 2013).
11.3.8 Landslide
Landslide incidents threaten human lives and the security of the public, damaging
property and often taking lives. Climate-related factors also can contribute to
landslides. as can the unregulated development of slopes due to human negligence
182
A. Omran and O. Schwarz-Herion