various challenges like managerial, technical, financial, and demographic as well.
However, to control the increasing threat of unsafe drinking water, immediate
protective measures and treatment technologies are the need of time.
References
Ahmed, A., Iftikhar, H., & Chaudhry, G. (2007). Water resources and conservation strategy of
Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 46, 997–1009.
Ahmed, A., Noonari, T., Magsi, H., & Mahar, A. (2013). Risk assessment of total and faecal
coliform bacteria from drinking water supply of Badin city, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental
Professionals Sri Lanka, 2(1), 46–57.
Ashbolt, N. J. (2004). Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology, 198(1–3), 229–238.
Badar, M., Batool, F., Khan, S. S., Khokhar, I., Qamar, M., & Yasir, C. (2017, January–March).
Effects of microcystins toxins contaminated drinking water on hepatic problems in animals
(cows and buffalos) and toxins removal chemical method. Buffalo Bulletin, 36(1), 43–55.
Daud, M., Nafees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Bajwa, R. A., Shakoor, M. B., et al. (2017). Drinking
water quality status and contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International, 2017.
DAWN. (2017). Pakistan concerned at arsenic poisoning. Retrieved January 15, 2018, from
https://www.dawn.com/news/1353734
EPA. (2015). Consider the source: A pocket guide to protecting your drinking water (p. 52).
Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Guglielmi, G. (2017). Arsenic in drinking water threatens up to 60 million in Pakistan. Retrieved
January 16, 2018, from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/arsenic-drinking-waterthreatens-60-million-pakistan
Hamid, A., Yaqub, G., Sadiq, Z., Tahir, A., & ul Ain, N. (2013). Intensive report on total analysis
of drinking water quality in Lahore. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(6),
2161–2171.
Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R. C., & Champney Schnepp, A. (2016). Elevated blood
lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: A spatial analysis of risk
and public health response. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 283–290.
Khan, S., Shahnaz, M., Jehan, N., Rehman, S., Shah, M. T., & Din, I. (2013). Drinking water
quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production,
60, 93–101.
Khan, K., Lu, Y., Saeed, M. A., Bilal, H., Sher, H., Khan, H., & Baninla, Y. (2017). Prevalent fecal
contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal
of Environmental Sciences, 72, 1–12.
Kiani, K. (2015, December 5). Govt planning to introduce National Water Policy. Dawn, from
https://www.dawn.com/news/1224730
Malik, A. (2017). Steps to water sustainability. Tribune, from https://tribune.com.pk/story/
1417393/steps-water-sustainability/
Ministry of Environment. (2008). National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) (pp.
1–41). Pakistan: Ministry of Health.
Mosley, W. H., & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in
developing countries. Population and Development Review, 10, 25–45.
Nawab, J., Khan, S., Khan, M. A., Sher, H., Rehamn, U. U., Ali, S., & Shah, S. M. (2017).
Potentially toxic metals and biological contamination in drinking water sources in chromite
mining-impacted areas of Pakistan: A comparative study. Exposure and Health, 9(4), 275–287.
PCRWR. (2018). Regional centers. Retrieved January 15, 2018, from http://pcrwr.gov.pk/about.
php?view_estab
6 Water Contamination and Health Hazards in Pakistan: An Overview. . .
83
However, to control the increasing threat of unsafe drinking water, immediate
protective measures and treatment technologies are the need of time.
References
Ahmed, A., Iftikhar, H., & Chaudhry, G. (2007). Water resources and conservation strategy of
Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 46, 997–1009.
Ahmed, A., Noonari, T., Magsi, H., & Mahar, A. (2013). Risk assessment of total and faecal
coliform bacteria from drinking water supply of Badin city, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental
Professionals Sri Lanka, 2(1), 46–57.
Ashbolt, N. J. (2004). Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. Toxicology, 198(1–3), 229–238.
Badar, M., Batool, F., Khan, S. S., Khokhar, I., Qamar, M., & Yasir, C. (2017, January–March).
Effects of microcystins toxins contaminated drinking water on hepatic problems in animals
(cows and buffalos) and toxins removal chemical method. Buffalo Bulletin, 36(1), 43–55.
Daud, M., Nafees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Bajwa, R. A., Shakoor, M. B., et al. (2017). Drinking
water quality status and contamination in Pakistan. BioMed Research International, 2017.
DAWN. (2017). Pakistan concerned at arsenic poisoning. Retrieved January 15, 2018, from
https://www.dawn.com/news/1353734
EPA. (2015). Consider the source: A pocket guide to protecting your drinking water (p. 52).
Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Guglielmi, G. (2017). Arsenic in drinking water threatens up to 60 million in Pakistan. Retrieved
January 16, 2018, from http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/08/arsenic-drinking-waterthreatens-60-million-pakistan
Hamid, A., Yaqub, G., Sadiq, Z., Tahir, A., & ul Ain, N. (2013). Intensive report on total analysis
of drinking water quality in Lahore. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(6),
2161–2171.
Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R. C., & Champney Schnepp, A. (2016). Elevated blood
lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: A spatial analysis of risk
and public health response. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 283–290.
Khan, S., Shahnaz, M., Jehan, N., Rehman, S., Shah, M. T., & Din, I. (2013). Drinking water
quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production,
60, 93–101.
Khan, K., Lu, Y., Saeed, M. A., Bilal, H., Sher, H., Khan, H., & Baninla, Y. (2017). Prevalent fecal
contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan. Journal
of Environmental Sciences, 72, 1–12.
Kiani, K. (2015, December 5). Govt planning to introduce National Water Policy. Dawn, from
https://www.dawn.com/news/1224730
Malik, A. (2017). Steps to water sustainability. Tribune, from https://tribune.com.pk/story/
1417393/steps-water-sustainability/
Ministry of Environment. (2008). National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) (pp.
1–41). Pakistan: Ministry of Health.
Mosley, W. H., & Chen, L. C. (1984). An analytical framework for the study of child survival in
developing countries. Population and Development Review, 10, 25–45.
Nawab, J., Khan, S., Khan, M. A., Sher, H., Rehamn, U. U., Ali, S., & Shah, S. M. (2017).
Potentially toxic metals and biological contamination in drinking water sources in chromite
mining-impacted areas of Pakistan: A comparative study. Exposure and Health, 9(4), 275–287.
PCRWR. (2018). Regional centers. Retrieved January 15, 2018, from http://pcrwr.gov.pk/about.
php?view_estab
6 Water Contamination and Health Hazards in Pakistan: An Overview. . .
83