Kemppainen KM, Vehik K, Lynch KF, Larsson HE, Canepa RJ, Simell V, Koletzko S, Liu E,
Simell OG, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Rewers MJ, Lernmark Å, Hagopian WA, She J-X,
Akolkar B, Schatz DA, Atkinson MA, Blaser MJ, Krischer JP, Hyöty H, Agardh D, Triplett
EW, for The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study Group (2017)
Association between early-life antibiotic use and the risk of islet or celiac disease autoimmunity.
JAMA Pediatr 171(12):1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2905
Kirjavainen PV, Karvonen AM, Adams RI, Taubel M, Roponen M, Tuoresmaki P, Loss G,
Jayaprakash B, Depner M, Ege MJ, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Schaub B, Lauener R,
Hyvarinen A, Knight R, Heederik DJJ, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J (2019) Farm-like indoor
microbiota in non-farm homes protects children from asthma development. Nat Med 25
(7):1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0469-4
Köhler-Forsberg O, Petersen L, Gasse C, Mortensen PB, Dalsgaard S, Yolken RH, Mors O, Benros
ME (2019) A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the
subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry 76
(3):271–279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428
Korem T, Zeevi D, Suez J, Weinberger A, Avnit-Sagi T, Pompan-Lotan M, Matot E, Jona G,
Harmelin A, Cohen N, Sirota-Madi A, Thaiss CA, Pevsner-Fischer M, Sorek R, Xavier RJ,
Elinav E, Segal E (2015) Growth dynamics of gut microbiota in health and disease inferred from
single metagenomic samples. Science 349(6252):1101–1106. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
aac4812
Krieg AM, Wu T, Weeratna R, Efler SM, Love-Homan L, Yang L, Yi AK, Short D, Davis HL
(1998) Sequence motifs in adenoviral DNA block immune activation by stimulatory CpG
motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(21):12631–12636. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.21.
12631
Krishnamani R, Mahaney WC (2000) Geophagy among primates: adaptive significance and
ecological consequences. Anim Behav 59(5):899–915. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1376
Leff JW, Fierer N (2013) Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and
vegetables. PLoS One 8(3):e59310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059310
Leroy F, Geyzen A, Janssens M, De Vuyst L, Scholliers P (2013) Meat fermentation at the
crossroads of innovation and tradition: A historical outlook. Trends Food Sci Technol
31:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.03.008
Liddicoat C, Sydnor H, Cando-Dumancela C, Dresken R, Liu J, Gellie NJC, Mills JG, Young JM,
Weyrich LS, Hutchinson MR, Weinstein P, Breed MF (2020) Naturally-diverse airborne
environmental microbial exposures modulate the gut microbiome and may provide anxiolytic
benefits in mice. Sci Total Environ 701:134684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.
134684
Liu L, Chen X, Skogerbø G, Zhang P, Chen R, He S, Huang D-W (2012) The human microbiome:
A hot spot of microbial horizontal gene transfer. Genomics 100(5):265–270. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ygeno.2012.07.012
Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE (2019) Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A
systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev
102:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023
Lori M, Symnaczik S, Mäder P, De Deyn G, Gattinger A (2017) Organic farming enhances soil
microbial abundance and activity—a meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS One 12 (7):
e0180442-e0180442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180442
Loschko J, Schreiber HA, Rieke GJ, Esterhazy D, Meredith MM, Pedicord VA, Yao KH,
Caballero S, Pamer EG, Mucida D, Nussenzweig MC (2016) Absence of MHC class II on
cDCs results in microbial-dependent intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 213(4):517–534.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160062
Lu MF, Xiao ZT, Zhang HY (2013) Where do health benefits of flavonoids come from? Insights
from flavonoid targets and their evolutionary history. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 434
(4):701–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.035
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
359
Simell OG, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Rewers MJ, Lernmark Å, Hagopian WA, She J-X,
Akolkar B, Schatz DA, Atkinson MA, Blaser MJ, Krischer JP, Hyöty H, Agardh D, Triplett
EW, for The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study Group (2017)
Association between early-life antibiotic use and the risk of islet or celiac disease autoimmunity.
JAMA Pediatr 171(12):1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2905
Kirjavainen PV, Karvonen AM, Adams RI, Taubel M, Roponen M, Tuoresmaki P, Loss G,
Jayaprakash B, Depner M, Ege MJ, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Schaub B, Lauener R,
Hyvarinen A, Knight R, Heederik DJJ, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J (2019) Farm-like indoor
microbiota in non-farm homes protects children from asthma development. Nat Med 25
(7):1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0469-4
Köhler-Forsberg O, Petersen L, Gasse C, Mortensen PB, Dalsgaard S, Yolken RH, Mors O, Benros
ME (2019) A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the
subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry 76
(3):271–279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428
Korem T, Zeevi D, Suez J, Weinberger A, Avnit-Sagi T, Pompan-Lotan M, Matot E, Jona G,
Harmelin A, Cohen N, Sirota-Madi A, Thaiss CA, Pevsner-Fischer M, Sorek R, Xavier RJ,
Elinav E, Segal E (2015) Growth dynamics of gut microbiota in health and disease inferred from
single metagenomic samples. Science 349(6252):1101–1106. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
aac4812
Krieg AM, Wu T, Weeratna R, Efler SM, Love-Homan L, Yang L, Yi AK, Short D, Davis HL
(1998) Sequence motifs in adenoviral DNA block immune activation by stimulatory CpG
motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(21):12631–12636. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.21.
12631
Krishnamani R, Mahaney WC (2000) Geophagy among primates: adaptive significance and
ecological consequences. Anim Behav 59(5):899–915. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1376
Leff JW, Fierer N (2013) Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and
vegetables. PLoS One 8(3):e59310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059310
Leroy F, Geyzen A, Janssens M, De Vuyst L, Scholliers P (2013) Meat fermentation at the
crossroads of innovation and tradition: A historical outlook. Trends Food Sci Technol
31:130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.03.008
Liddicoat C, Sydnor H, Cando-Dumancela C, Dresken R, Liu J, Gellie NJC, Mills JG, Young JM,
Weyrich LS, Hutchinson MR, Weinstein P, Breed MF (2020) Naturally-diverse airborne
environmental microbial exposures modulate the gut microbiome and may provide anxiolytic
benefits in mice. Sci Total Environ 701:134684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.
134684
Liu L, Chen X, Skogerbø G, Zhang P, Chen R, He S, Huang D-W (2012) The human microbiome:
A hot spot of microbial horizontal gene transfer. Genomics 100(5):265–270. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.ygeno.2012.07.012
Liu RT, Walsh RFL, Sheehan AE (2019) Prebiotics and probiotics for depression and anxiety: A
systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev
102:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023
Lori M, Symnaczik S, Mäder P, De Deyn G, Gattinger A (2017) Organic farming enhances soil
microbial abundance and activity—a meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS One 12 (7):
e0180442-e0180442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180442
Loschko J, Schreiber HA, Rieke GJ, Esterhazy D, Meredith MM, Pedicord VA, Yao KH,
Caballero S, Pamer EG, Mucida D, Nussenzweig MC (2016) Absence of MHC class II on
cDCs results in microbial-dependent intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 213(4):517–534.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160062
Lu MF, Xiao ZT, Zhang HY (2013) Where do health benefits of flavonoids come from? Insights
from flavonoid targets and their evolutionary history. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 434
(4):701–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.035
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
359