solitary state, and kept in step with that of the accommodation provider. Finally, the
[fungus], in turn, not only ensures the attachment of the body to the substrate by
penetrating it, often deeply into hard rock; but it also leads the necessary parts of the
axis to the common household.”
de Bary termed all three of these associations, with Azolla, cycads, and the
structure of lichens, as being mutualists and, by my translation “... the guest and
the accommodation provider they serve are mutually beneficial”.
de Bary mentioned two additional symbiotic relationships. One of these was an
association considered to be a classical example of mutualism, which is the birds
which sit on large terrestrial mammals and eat Hematophagous arthropods. He
considered that relationship between symbionts as being similar to Utricularia
nelumbifolia, which is a large carnivorous perennial tropical epiphytic bladderwort
that grows in water-filled rosettes of some bromeliad species. As per my translation,
regarding the insect consuming birds and the Utricularia “The indignation must fade
when a further look shows that this is not an unlawful act or imposition, but a special
case of an appearance that recurs everywhere in the living nature”.
14.6 “Ueber das Zusammenleben von Thieren und Algen”
by Karl Brandt, 1881
Karl Andreas Heinrich Brandt (1881) published in many places the text of a lecture
which he had presented “Ueber das Zusammenleben von Thieren und Algen”. An
English translation of that lecture title would be [“About the coexistence of animals
and algae”]. Brandt’s name also is sometimes listed as Andreas Heinrich Karl
Brandt. Brandt examined many groups of animals that contained chlorophyll.
Specifically, he studied: amoeba, Coleps, the protists that once were grouped as
heliozoa, Hydra, Monothalamids, Paramecium, a planarian which I presume to be
Convolutriloba retrogemma commonly called the red planaria, Spongilla, Stentor,
Stylonychia, and Vorticella. Brandt determined that the supposed chlorophyll bodies
of these animals are morphologically independent, unicellular beings which he
named as being zoochlorella and zooxanthellae. Brandt determined that the photosynthetic microbes could be squeezed from these animals, after which the photosynthetic microbes were able to live independently and some of the microbes
subsequently could be taken into animals. He also determined that the photosynthetic microbes were providing nutrients to the animal. In his conclusions, Brandt
said that instead of the photosynthetic microbes being parasites, from a physiological
point of view the animals were the parasites.
Brandt also published a shortened English version of that presentation in The
Popular Science Monthly (Brandt 1882). Thomas Krueger has published his own
translation of Brandt’s 1881 publication and Krueger included additional information about Brandt along with some of Brandt’s illustrations (Krueger 2017).
14 Discovering the Symbiotic Nature of Microbial Life: Summarizing Milestone. . .
219
[fungus], in turn, not only ensures the attachment of the body to the substrate by
penetrating it, often deeply into hard rock; but it also leads the necessary parts of the
axis to the common household.”
de Bary termed all three of these associations, with Azolla, cycads, and the
structure of lichens, as being mutualists and, by my translation “... the guest and
the accommodation provider they serve are mutually beneficial”.
de Bary mentioned two additional symbiotic relationships. One of these was an
association considered to be a classical example of mutualism, which is the birds
which sit on large terrestrial mammals and eat Hematophagous arthropods. He
considered that relationship between symbionts as being similar to Utricularia
nelumbifolia, which is a large carnivorous perennial tropical epiphytic bladderwort
that grows in water-filled rosettes of some bromeliad species. As per my translation,
regarding the insect consuming birds and the Utricularia “The indignation must fade
when a further look shows that this is not an unlawful act or imposition, but a special
case of an appearance that recurs everywhere in the living nature”.
14.6 “Ueber das Zusammenleben von Thieren und Algen”
by Karl Brandt, 1881
Karl Andreas Heinrich Brandt (1881) published in many places the text of a lecture
which he had presented “Ueber das Zusammenleben von Thieren und Algen”. An
English translation of that lecture title would be [“About the coexistence of animals
and algae”]. Brandt’s name also is sometimes listed as Andreas Heinrich Karl
Brandt. Brandt examined many groups of animals that contained chlorophyll.
Specifically, he studied: amoeba, Coleps, the protists that once were grouped as
heliozoa, Hydra, Monothalamids, Paramecium, a planarian which I presume to be
Convolutriloba retrogemma commonly called the red planaria, Spongilla, Stentor,
Stylonychia, and Vorticella. Brandt determined that the supposed chlorophyll bodies
of these animals are morphologically independent, unicellular beings which he
named as being zoochlorella and zooxanthellae. Brandt determined that the photosynthetic microbes could be squeezed from these animals, after which the photosynthetic microbes were able to live independently and some of the microbes
subsequently could be taken into animals. He also determined that the photosynthetic microbes were providing nutrients to the animal. In his conclusions, Brandt
said that instead of the photosynthetic microbes being parasites, from a physiological
point of view the animals were the parasites.
Brandt also published a shortened English version of that presentation in The
Popular Science Monthly (Brandt 1882). Thomas Krueger has published his own
translation of Brandt’s 1881 publication and Krueger included additional information about Brandt along with some of Brandt’s illustrations (Krueger 2017).
14 Discovering the Symbiotic Nature of Microbial Life: Summarizing Milestone. . .
219