65
Kashmir Valley. The crucial role of the siderophore system for fungal virulence
and the differences to the plant iron acquisition mechanisms might help to properly manage fungal infections. Specifically, the fungal siderophores biosynthetic pathway represents a promising target for selective therapeutic
intervention. Phylogenetic and structutral analysis suggest that NPS6 is conserved among diverse species of filamentous ascomycetes, in contrast with the
previously identified fungal NPS genes involved in virulence, which appear to
be restricted to one or a few species or races in particular Monilinia spp. including NPS genes is still presents many challenges in terms of understanding,
exploitation and even nomenclature. In the environment, plants can be exposed
to a variety of microorganisms that can be beneficial or pathogenic, all of which
are likely to produce siderophores. The relative stability and iron affinity of
these siderophores may play an important role in plant health. Siderophores
clearly cause important physiological modifications in plants. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which fungal siderophores affect plant
immunity may hold promise for designing new crop protection. The convergence of established technologies such as genome sequencing, in silico annotation and metabolite profiling, in addition to “secondary metabolite cluster
signatures” combined with the application of emerging and novel genomic
(e.g., fungal gene deletion and silencing) and proteomic strategies (i.e., recombinant adenylation- thiolation domain activation and activity analysis) sets the
ideal scene for rapid and unambiguous advances in dissecting the global importance of NRPS in filamentous fungi. Thus, the detailed understanding of fungal
iron uptake strategies may help to develop novel strategies to combat pathogenic fungi and to improve plant protection. To date, conjugates of siderophores
with a variety of commercially available antibiotics with different cellular targets have been developed. It is tempting to speculate whether corresponding
conjugates of fungal siderophores with different fungicides, for example,
azoles, dicarboximides, or strobilurins, could be used in a corresponding Trojan
Horse strategy to combat plant pathogenic fungi.
References
Ahmed E, Holmström SJM (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7:196–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12117
Albarouki E, Schafferer L, Ye F, von Wirén N, Haas H, Deising HB (2014) Biotrophy-specific
downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis in C olletotrichum graminicola is required for modulation of immune responses of maize. Mol Microbiol 92:338–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/
mmi.12561
Aznar A, Dellagi A (2015) New insights into the role of siderophores as triggers of plant immunity: what can we learn from animals? J Exp Bot 66(11):3001–3010. https://doi.org/10.1093/
jxb/erv155
Barona-Gomez F, Lautru S, Francou F-X, Leblond P, Pernodet J-L, Challis GL (2006) Multiple biosynthetic and uptake systems mediate siderophore-dependent iron acquisition in Streptomyces
4 Siderophores: Mediated Iron Acquisition and Virulence of Brown Rot Disease…
Kashmir Valley. The crucial role of the siderophore system for fungal virulence
and the differences to the plant iron acquisition mechanisms might help to properly manage fungal infections. Specifically, the fungal siderophores biosynthetic pathway represents a promising target for selective therapeutic
intervention. Phylogenetic and structutral analysis suggest that NPS6 is conserved among diverse species of filamentous ascomycetes, in contrast with the
previously identified fungal NPS genes involved in virulence, which appear to
be restricted to one or a few species or races in particular Monilinia spp. including NPS genes is still presents many challenges in terms of understanding,
exploitation and even nomenclature. In the environment, plants can be exposed
to a variety of microorganisms that can be beneficial or pathogenic, all of which
are likely to produce siderophores. The relative stability and iron affinity of
these siderophores may play an important role in plant health. Siderophores
clearly cause important physiological modifications in plants. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which fungal siderophores affect plant
immunity may hold promise for designing new crop protection. The convergence of established technologies such as genome sequencing, in silico annotation and metabolite profiling, in addition to “secondary metabolite cluster
signatures” combined with the application of emerging and novel genomic
(e.g., fungal gene deletion and silencing) and proteomic strategies (i.e., recombinant adenylation- thiolation domain activation and activity analysis) sets the
ideal scene for rapid and unambiguous advances in dissecting the global importance of NRPS in filamentous fungi. Thus, the detailed understanding of fungal
iron uptake strategies may help to develop novel strategies to combat pathogenic fungi and to improve plant protection. To date, conjugates of siderophores
with a variety of commercially available antibiotics with different cellular targets have been developed. It is tempting to speculate whether corresponding
conjugates of fungal siderophores with different fungicides, for example,
azoles, dicarboximides, or strobilurins, could be used in a corresponding Trojan
Horse strategy to combat plant pathogenic fungi.
References
Ahmed E, Holmström SJM (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7:196–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12117
Albarouki E, Schafferer L, Ye F, von Wirén N, Haas H, Deising HB (2014) Biotrophy-specific
downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis in C olletotrichum graminicola is required for modulation of immune responses of maize. Mol Microbiol 92:338–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/
mmi.12561
Aznar A, Dellagi A (2015) New insights into the role of siderophores as triggers of plant immunity: what can we learn from animals? J Exp Bot 66(11):3001–3010. https://doi.org/10.1093/
jxb/erv155
Barona-Gomez F, Lautru S, Francou F-X, Leblond P, Pernodet J-L, Challis GL (2006) Multiple biosynthetic and uptake systems mediate siderophore-dependent iron acquisition in Streptomyces
4 Siderophores: Mediated Iron Acquisition and Virulence of Brown Rot Disease…