37
Iron uptake mediated by siderophores are studied more deeply in the Aspergillus
genus such as A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, etc. Unlike Candida species,
Aspergillus species produce different hydroxamate-type siderophores such as ferricrocin (FC), hydroxyferricrocin, fusarinine C (FsC), coprogen B, and triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) (Diekmann and Krezdorn 1975; Adjimani and Emery 1987;
Schrettl et al. 2004; Hissen et al. 2005; Howard et al. 2000).
The list of siderophores produced by Aspergillus species is given in Table 3.1.
Putative siderophore transporters determined in Aspergillus species are also shown.
From Table 3.1 it is observed that A. nidulans produce coprogen, ferrichrome,
FsC, and TAFC. A. fumigatus synthesized its own siderophores such as FC, FsC,
and TAFC. The two significant siderophores FsC and TAFC are commonly found in
both A. fumigatus and A. nidulans (Park et al. 2016; Raymond-Bouchard et al. 2012;
Haas et al. 2003).
3.3 Association of Siderophoric System in Aspergillus
Species and Infections
Aspergillus species are commonly found in the environment and are known to play
a vital role in carbon recycling of decaying organic debris. Though we inhale numerous amounts of conidia, several spores are removed by the lungs and hence prevent
normal persons from developing Aspergillus infection, which may otherwise cause
a serious threat to human health (Trick and Jarvis 1998). IA is mainly observed in
immunocompromised patients which is mainly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus,
Table 3.1 List of fungus and their respective siderophores
Aspergillus species
Siderophores
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillic acid
Ferrichrysin
Aspergillus FSY-01
Neoaspergillic acid
Aspergillus FSY-02
Neoaspergillic acid
A. fumigatus
Ferricrocin
Fusarinine C
N,N′,N″-triacetylfusarinin C
A. nidulans
Coprogen
Ferrichrome
Fusarinine C
N,N′,N″-triacetylfusarinin C
A. niger
Ferrichrome
A. sclerotiorum
Aspergillic acid
A. terreus
Coprogen
Dimerumic acid
Ferrichrysin
3 Association of Fungal Siderophores in Human Diseases: Roles and Treatments
Iron uptake mediated by siderophores are studied more deeply in the Aspergillus
genus such as A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, etc. Unlike Candida species,
Aspergillus species produce different hydroxamate-type siderophores such as ferricrocin (FC), hydroxyferricrocin, fusarinine C (FsC), coprogen B, and triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) (Diekmann and Krezdorn 1975; Adjimani and Emery 1987;
Schrettl et al. 2004; Hissen et al. 2005; Howard et al. 2000).
The list of siderophores produced by Aspergillus species is given in Table 3.1.
Putative siderophore transporters determined in Aspergillus species are also shown.
From Table 3.1 it is observed that A. nidulans produce coprogen, ferrichrome,
FsC, and TAFC. A. fumigatus synthesized its own siderophores such as FC, FsC,
and TAFC. The two significant siderophores FsC and TAFC are commonly found in
both A. fumigatus and A. nidulans (Park et al. 2016; Raymond-Bouchard et al. 2012;
Haas et al. 2003).
3.3 Association of Siderophoric System in Aspergillus
Species and Infections
Aspergillus species are commonly found in the environment and are known to play
a vital role in carbon recycling of decaying organic debris. Though we inhale numerous amounts of conidia, several spores are removed by the lungs and hence prevent
normal persons from developing Aspergillus infection, which may otherwise cause
a serious threat to human health (Trick and Jarvis 1998). IA is mainly observed in
immunocompromised patients which is mainly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus,
Table 3.1 List of fungus and their respective siderophores
Aspergillus species
Siderophores
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillic acid
Ferrichrysin
Aspergillus FSY-01
Neoaspergillic acid
Aspergillus FSY-02
Neoaspergillic acid
A. fumigatus
Ferricrocin
Fusarinine C
N,N′,N″-triacetylfusarinin C
A. nidulans
Coprogen
Ferrichrome
Fusarinine C
N,N′,N″-triacetylfusarinin C
A. niger
Ferrichrome
A. sclerotiorum
Aspergillic acid
A. terreus
Coprogen
Dimerumic acid
Ferrichrysin
3 Association of Fungal Siderophores in Human Diseases: Roles and Treatments