11
1.12 Conclusion
Siderophores are secreted both in bacteria and fungi especially for iron uptake.
While bacterial siderophores are widely studied, less information is known about
fungal siderophores. This motivated us to write a brief introduction on fungal siderophores, their classification, biosynthesis, iron uptake and storage, application in
medicine and biotechnology, and many more. In addition, we included the potential
research directions on fungal siderophores that might be useful for researchers from
diverse disciplines including microbiology, computational biology, and
bioinformatics.
References
Ahmed E, Holmström SJ (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7(3):196–208
An Z, Mei B, Yuan WM, Leong SA (1997a) The distal GATA sequences of the sid1 promoter of
Ustilago maydis mediate iron repression of siderophore production and interact directly with
Urbs1, a GATA family transcription factor. EMBO J 16(7):1742–1750
An Z, Zhao Q, McEvoy J, Yuan WM, Markley JL, Leong SA (1997b) The second finger of Urbs1
is required for iron-mediated repression of sid1 in Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
94(11):5882–5887
Armstrong J.E AND Baalen C.V. (1979), Iron transport in microalgae: the isolation and biological
activity of a hydroxamate siderophore from the blue-green algae Agmenellum quadruplicatum
J Gen Microbiol 111, 253–262
Årstøl E, Hohmann-Marriott MF (2019) Cyanobacterial siderophores-physiology, structure, biosynthesis, and applications. Mar Drugs 17(5):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17050281
Balhara M, Chaudhary R, Ruhil S, Singh B, Dahiya N, Parmar VS et al (2016) Siderophores; iron
scavengers: the novel & promising targets for pathogen specific antifungal therapy. Expert
Opin Ther Targets 20(12):1477–1489
Blatzer M, Schrettl M, Sarg B, Lindner HH, Pfaller K, Haas H (2011) SidL, an Aspergillus fumigatus transacetylase involved in biosynthesis of the siderophores ferricrocin and hydroxyferricrocin. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(14):4959–4966
Bou-Abdallah F (2010) The iron redox and hydrolysis chemistry of the ferritins. Biochim Biophys
Acta Gen Subj 1800(8):719–731
Dave B, Anshuman K, Hajela P (2006) Siderophores of halophilic archaea and their chemical
characterization. Indian J Exp Biol 44:340–344
Forester NT, Lane GA, Steringa M, Lamont IL, Johnson LJ (2018) Contrasting roles of fungal siderophores in maintaining iron homeostasis in Epichloë festucae. Fungal Genet Biol 111:60–72
Gerwien F, Safyan A, Wisgott S, Hille F, Kaemmer P, Linde J et al (2016) A novel hybrid Iron
regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts. MBio
7(5):e01782-16
Haas H (2003) Molecular genetics of fungal siderophore biosynthesis and uptake: the role of siderophores in iron uptake and storage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62(4):316–330
Haas H (2014) Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Prod
Rep 31(10):1266–1276
Höfte M (1992) Classes of microbial siderophores. In: Barton L, Hemming B (eds) Iron chelation
in plants and soil microorganisms. Academic, New York, pp 3–26
1 Basics of Fungal Siderophores: Classification, Iron Transport and Storage…
1.12 Conclusion
Siderophores are secreted both in bacteria and fungi especially for iron uptake.
While bacterial siderophores are widely studied, less information is known about
fungal siderophores. This motivated us to write a brief introduction on fungal siderophores, their classification, biosynthesis, iron uptake and storage, application in
medicine and biotechnology, and many more. In addition, we included the potential
research directions on fungal siderophores that might be useful for researchers from
diverse disciplines including microbiology, computational biology, and
bioinformatics.
References
Ahmed E, Holmström SJ (2014) Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications.
Microb Biotechnol 7(3):196–208
An Z, Mei B, Yuan WM, Leong SA (1997a) The distal GATA sequences of the sid1 promoter of
Ustilago maydis mediate iron repression of siderophore production and interact directly with
Urbs1, a GATA family transcription factor. EMBO J 16(7):1742–1750
An Z, Zhao Q, McEvoy J, Yuan WM, Markley JL, Leong SA (1997b) The second finger of Urbs1
is required for iron-mediated repression of sid1 in Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
94(11):5882–5887
Armstrong J.E AND Baalen C.V. (1979), Iron transport in microalgae: the isolation and biological
activity of a hydroxamate siderophore from the blue-green algae Agmenellum quadruplicatum
J Gen Microbiol 111, 253–262
Årstøl E, Hohmann-Marriott MF (2019) Cyanobacterial siderophores-physiology, structure, biosynthesis, and applications. Mar Drugs 17(5):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17050281
Balhara M, Chaudhary R, Ruhil S, Singh B, Dahiya N, Parmar VS et al (2016) Siderophores; iron
scavengers: the novel & promising targets for pathogen specific antifungal therapy. Expert
Opin Ther Targets 20(12):1477–1489
Blatzer M, Schrettl M, Sarg B, Lindner HH, Pfaller K, Haas H (2011) SidL, an Aspergillus fumigatus transacetylase involved in biosynthesis of the siderophores ferricrocin and hydroxyferricrocin. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(14):4959–4966
Bou-Abdallah F (2010) The iron redox and hydrolysis chemistry of the ferritins. Biochim Biophys
Acta Gen Subj 1800(8):719–731
Dave B, Anshuman K, Hajela P (2006) Siderophores of halophilic archaea and their chemical
characterization. Indian J Exp Biol 44:340–344
Forester NT, Lane GA, Steringa M, Lamont IL, Johnson LJ (2018) Contrasting roles of fungal siderophores in maintaining iron homeostasis in Epichloë festucae. Fungal Genet Biol 111:60–72
Gerwien F, Safyan A, Wisgott S, Hille F, Kaemmer P, Linde J et al (2016) A novel hybrid Iron
regulation network combines features from pathogenic and nonpathogenic yeasts. MBio
7(5):e01782-16
Haas H (2003) Molecular genetics of fungal siderophore biosynthesis and uptake: the role of siderophores in iron uptake and storage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62(4):316–330
Haas H (2014) Fungal siderophore metabolism with a focus on Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Prod
Rep 31(10):1266–1276
Höfte M (1992) Classes of microbial siderophores. In: Barton L, Hemming B (eds) Iron chelation
in plants and soil microorganisms. Academic, New York, pp 3–26
1 Basics of Fungal Siderophores: Classification, Iron Transport and Storage…