204
releasing different ferric reductases (Tyrrell and Callaghan 2016). Scedosporium
apiospermum acquires Fe by producing two types of siderophores, dimerumic acid
and Nα-methyl coprogen B (Bertrand et al. 2009).
12.5.4 Miscellaneous Fungal Infections
Rhinocerebral rhizopus infection is a rare fungal infection that occurs in some dialysis patients receiving deferoxamine for the metal overload (Ammon et al. 1992).
The deferoxamines bind with iron and form iron a feroxamine complex which acts
as in vitro siderophore for the fungal organism. The fungal species Rhizopus rhizopodiformis and R. microsporus var. are believed to utilize Fe from ferric-DFO complex in dialysis patients (De Locht et al. 1994). R. oryzae has the ability to extract
and utilize Fe from deferoxamine and grow in the host body. Fe permease transports
the iron released from the deferoxamine into the fungi (Ibrahim et al. 2008).
Arthroderma benhamiae is a fungal pathogen that spreads through infected animals. In humans, they cause infection in the keratinized structures like skin, nails and
hair. Generally, these infections are mild and not fatal (Kröber et al. 2016). The
spores of the filamentous fungal species, Aspergillus and Fusarium, cause corneal
ulcer that leads to visual injury and loss of vision (Karthikeyan et al. 2011). According
to the World Health Organization estimation, the corneal ulcer is one of the major
causes for blindness and 65% is caused by fungal infections. S. schenckii is a fungus
in soil and plants that causes a cutaneous infection called sporotrichosis. P. carinii
pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening disease caused by the opportunistic fungal
pathogen Pneumocystis carinii (Clarkson et al. 2001; Weinberg and Shaw 1991).
Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails, and keratitis are mainly caused by
Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Candida species (Piraccini
and Alessandrini 2015). Trichophyton species also causes stromalysis which leads to
visual defects (Jin et al. 2014). Fungal infections such as hemosiderosis and pulmonary haemorrhage are caused by Stachybotrys chartarum (Vesper et al. 2000).
Aureobasidium pullulans is a black-yeast-like fungus that grows at any climatic condition. It causes opportunistic infections in humans (Gostinčar et al. 2014).
The availability of essential nutrients is the factor that influences the organisms’
pathogenesis. Fe is a vital nutrient that has a key role in the development of infections caused by many pathogens. Fe is necessary for the growth and maturation of
an organism. Availability of Fe is one of the major virulent determinants in microbes
(Brock et al. 1991). During iron scarcity, a greater amount of siderophore has been
observed during in vivo growth of microorganisms (Brock et al. 1991). Hence, the
virulence of the fungal pathogen depends on in vivo siderophores (Kröber et al.
2016; Schrettl et al. 2004). Certain evidence showed that siderophores produced by
the yeast-like microorganism induce the growth of bacterium such as M. leprae in
leprous lesions. The therapeutic inhibition of fungal Fe acquisition with Fe chelators decreases the fungal growth. The widespread infectious fungal pathogens like
Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus make use of the siderophores fusarinine C
(FsC), triacetyl fusarinine C (TAFC) and ferricrocin to acquire Fe either for germiA. Prabahar et al.
releasing different ferric reductases (Tyrrell and Callaghan 2016). Scedosporium
apiospermum acquires Fe by producing two types of siderophores, dimerumic acid
and Nα-methyl coprogen B (Bertrand et al. 2009).
12.5.4 Miscellaneous Fungal Infections
Rhinocerebral rhizopus infection is a rare fungal infection that occurs in some dialysis patients receiving deferoxamine for the metal overload (Ammon et al. 1992).
The deferoxamines bind with iron and form iron a feroxamine complex which acts
as in vitro siderophore for the fungal organism. The fungal species Rhizopus rhizopodiformis and R. microsporus var. are believed to utilize Fe from ferric-DFO complex in dialysis patients (De Locht et al. 1994). R. oryzae has the ability to extract
and utilize Fe from deferoxamine and grow in the host body. Fe permease transports
the iron released from the deferoxamine into the fungi (Ibrahim et al. 2008).
Arthroderma benhamiae is a fungal pathogen that spreads through infected animals. In humans, they cause infection in the keratinized structures like skin, nails and
hair. Generally, these infections are mild and not fatal (Kröber et al. 2016). The
spores of the filamentous fungal species, Aspergillus and Fusarium, cause corneal
ulcer that leads to visual injury and loss of vision (Karthikeyan et al. 2011). According
to the World Health Organization estimation, the corneal ulcer is one of the major
causes for blindness and 65% is caused by fungal infections. S. schenckii is a fungus
in soil and plants that causes a cutaneous infection called sporotrichosis. P. carinii
pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening disease caused by the opportunistic fungal
pathogen Pneumocystis carinii (Clarkson et al. 2001; Weinberg and Shaw 1991).
Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nails, and keratitis are mainly caused by
Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Candida species (Piraccini
and Alessandrini 2015). Trichophyton species also causes stromalysis which leads to
visual defects (Jin et al. 2014). Fungal infections such as hemosiderosis and pulmonary haemorrhage are caused by Stachybotrys chartarum (Vesper et al. 2000).
Aureobasidium pullulans is a black-yeast-like fungus that grows at any climatic condition. It causes opportunistic infections in humans (Gostinčar et al. 2014).
The availability of essential nutrients is the factor that influences the organisms’
pathogenesis. Fe is a vital nutrient that has a key role in the development of infections caused by many pathogens. Fe is necessary for the growth and maturation of
an organism. Availability of Fe is one of the major virulent determinants in microbes
(Brock et al. 1991). During iron scarcity, a greater amount of siderophore has been
observed during in vivo growth of microorganisms (Brock et al. 1991). Hence, the
virulence of the fungal pathogen depends on in vivo siderophores (Kröber et al.
2016; Schrettl et al. 2004). Certain evidence showed that siderophores produced by
the yeast-like microorganism induce the growth of bacterium such as M. leprae in
leprous lesions. The therapeutic inhibition of fungal Fe acquisition with Fe chelators decreases the fungal growth. The widespread infectious fungal pathogens like
Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus make use of the siderophores fusarinine C
(FsC), triacetyl fusarinine C (TAFC) and ferricrocin to acquire Fe either for germiA. Prabahar et al.