148
dissolution enhances the soil mineral weathering due to their stable Fe(III) complexforming capability (Matzanke 1991). This activity was higher when siderophores
function synergistically with low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs)
(Matzanke 1991). The siderophores also dissolve elements such as rare-earth elements (REE), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd),
promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb),
dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and
lutetium (Lu) along with yttrium (Y) which plays an important strategy, i.e., mobilizes the immobile trace elements with the existence of desferrioxamine B in the
igneous rock region and eventually supports the natural bioleaching progress
(Kraemer et al. 2016).
Siderophore production in marine environment enhances the photochemical
cycling of Fe for phytoplankton and in the process of biogeochemical cycle of Fe
(Amin et al. 2012). With the higher Fe stability constants, siderophores inhibit the
growth of several fish pathogens by competing the enzyme transferrin produced by
fish pathogens which is one of the mechanisms to infect the host by bacteria (Yano
1996). This augmented the use of siderophore production as probiotics in fish farming (Dimitroglou et al. 2011). Moreover, high affinity to Fe(III) and strong stability
constant properties of siderophores claim its usage as optical biosensor in sensing
the Fe bioavailability in the ocean (Chung Chun Lam et al. 2006). Oil spills and
spread of petroleum hydrocarbons pose a serious threat in the marine ecosystem
(Das and Chandran 2011). The siderophore contributes in the biodegradation of
petroleum hydrocarbons through indirect mechanisms of Fe acquisition (Barbeau
et al. 2002). In the field of biosensing Fe(II) and Fe(III) availability in ocean, the
siderophore molecules could be encapsulated in thin-film format over a quartz substance using sol-gel method (Sharma and Gohil 2010) or could be immobilized on
a porous sol-gel glass (Yoder and Kisaalita 2011).
Siderophores have been proposed for the remediation of radioactive waste and
nuclear fuel reprocessing. The functional groups anionic hydroxamate and catecholate exhibit strong oxodonor ability which attracts the Lewis acids to form a stable
complex; this ability has triggered the application of siderophore in reprocessing
irradiated nuclear fuel. In Purex process, solvent extraction techniques are used to
recover the uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) from the fission products like titanium
(Ti) and neptunium (Np). Np being an actinide has strong affinity toward the oxygen
anions of siderophores, which could be applied in the selective removal of Np from
the solvent phase (Taylor et al. 1998).
Fungal siderophores are utilized in the degradation process of the pulp materials
produced in the paper industry, where the waste materials produced here have a
greater impact on environmental pollution such as global warming, human toxicity,
ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, nitrification, and solid wastes
(Bajpai 2010). Siderophores are considered as an active environmentally friendly
alternative in treating the pulp since it reduces 70% of chemicals required to bleach
kraft pulp (Bajpai 2004). Brown-rot fungi especially have higher influence due to
their wood-decaying capacity through the production of catecholate and hydroxamate siderophore. For example, a brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum mediates
S. Manoharan et al.
dissolution enhances the soil mineral weathering due to their stable Fe(III) complexforming capability (Matzanke 1991). This activity was higher when siderophores
function synergistically with low molecular mass organic acids (LMMOAs)
(Matzanke 1991). The siderophores also dissolve elements such as rare-earth elements (REE), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd),
promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb),
dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and
lutetium (Lu) along with yttrium (Y) which plays an important strategy, i.e., mobilizes the immobile trace elements with the existence of desferrioxamine B in the
igneous rock region and eventually supports the natural bioleaching progress
(Kraemer et al. 2016).
Siderophore production in marine environment enhances the photochemical
cycling of Fe for phytoplankton and in the process of biogeochemical cycle of Fe
(Amin et al. 2012). With the higher Fe stability constants, siderophores inhibit the
growth of several fish pathogens by competing the enzyme transferrin produced by
fish pathogens which is one of the mechanisms to infect the host by bacteria (Yano
1996). This augmented the use of siderophore production as probiotics in fish farming (Dimitroglou et al. 2011). Moreover, high affinity to Fe(III) and strong stability
constant properties of siderophores claim its usage as optical biosensor in sensing
the Fe bioavailability in the ocean (Chung Chun Lam et al. 2006). Oil spills and
spread of petroleum hydrocarbons pose a serious threat in the marine ecosystem
(Das and Chandran 2011). The siderophore contributes in the biodegradation of
petroleum hydrocarbons through indirect mechanisms of Fe acquisition (Barbeau
et al. 2002). In the field of biosensing Fe(II) and Fe(III) availability in ocean, the
siderophore molecules could be encapsulated in thin-film format over a quartz substance using sol-gel method (Sharma and Gohil 2010) or could be immobilized on
a porous sol-gel glass (Yoder and Kisaalita 2011).
Siderophores have been proposed for the remediation of radioactive waste and
nuclear fuel reprocessing. The functional groups anionic hydroxamate and catecholate exhibit strong oxodonor ability which attracts the Lewis acids to form a stable
complex; this ability has triggered the application of siderophore in reprocessing
irradiated nuclear fuel. In Purex process, solvent extraction techniques are used to
recover the uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) from the fission products like titanium
(Ti) and neptunium (Np). Np being an actinide has strong affinity toward the oxygen
anions of siderophores, which could be applied in the selective removal of Np from
the solvent phase (Taylor et al. 1998).
Fungal siderophores are utilized in the degradation process of the pulp materials
produced in the paper industry, where the waste materials produced here have a
greater impact on environmental pollution such as global warming, human toxicity,
ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, nitrification, and solid wastes
(Bajpai 2010). Siderophores are considered as an active environmentally friendly
alternative in treating the pulp since it reduces 70% of chemicals required to bleach
kraft pulp (Bajpai 2004). Brown-rot fungi especially have higher influence due to
their wood-decaying capacity through the production of catecholate and hydroxamate siderophore. For example, a brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum mediates
S. Manoharan et al.