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and close, regulating gas exchange, i.e., movement of water, carbon, and oxygen
into and out of the leaf. Also called stomates. Singular: stoma or stomate.
Stress Conditions such as drought, temperature extremes, nutrient limitation,
pest/pathogen exposure, and fire that produce sub-optimal growth, reproduction,
or survival conditions for living organisms.
Structural diversity Variability or heterogeneity in the arrangement and distribution of physical features on the landscape (e.g., topography, vertical and horizontal canopy structure, or vertical and horizontal stand structure).
Structural complexity in the context of biodiversity, the display of organization
in the components of biological systems, particularly in their horizontal and vertical structure, distribution, morphology, and/or anatomy; it is also a science of
applied mathematics that describes the morphological, structural, and/or anatomical intricacies of a complex system.
Structure from motion techniques (SfM) A technique for estimating 3-D structure from a series of 2-D images that can be integrated using motion that provides multiple viewpoints via parallax. These techniques can be used to produce
3-D models based on point clouds similar to LiDAR.
Successional change Change in a community over time; for example, after a fire,
grasses may grow first and then gradually be replaced by shrubs and trees species that are increasingly shade-tolerant. Ecologists distinguish primary succession—initial establishment of an ecological community on bare substrate after
an extreme disturbance, e.g., glaciation or volcanic eruption—and secondary
succession, community change over time as a consequence of less extreme disturbance, such as fire or treefall.
Supervised classification methods Models or classifiers in which reference samples, or training data, are used to define classes.
Support vector machine (SVM) A supervised learning algorithm for classification and regression problems. Given labeled training data, the algorithm outputs
an optimal hyperplane that separates classes in multidimensional space.
Surrogacy in relation to biodiversity, the idea that diversity at one trophic level
(plant diversity) may be related to diversity at other trophic levels, or the idea that
one aspect of biodiversity can serve as a proxy of another.
Surface energy balance The formal relationship between incoming and outgoing
energy that describes the energy striking a surface (e.g., leaf or Earth surface)
and the energy leaving that surface. The energy is typically split into several
components such as shortwave (incoming solar), longwave (outgoing thermal),
sensible (temperature), and latent (e.g., phase change) energy. To maintain a constant temperature over time, these components must be in equilibrium or the
object would heat or cool.
Sustainable Development Goals A collection of 17 global goals set by the United
Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030. They cover social, economic, environmental, and development issues including poverty, hunger, health,
education, gender equality, clean water, sanitation, affordable energy, decent
work, urbanization, global warming, environment, social justice, and peace.
Glossary
and close, regulating gas exchange, i.e., movement of water, carbon, and oxygen
into and out of the leaf. Also called stomates. Singular: stoma or stomate.
Stress Conditions such as drought, temperature extremes, nutrient limitation,
pest/pathogen exposure, and fire that produce sub-optimal growth, reproduction,
or survival conditions for living organisms.
Structural diversity Variability or heterogeneity in the arrangement and distribution of physical features on the landscape (e.g., topography, vertical and horizontal canopy structure, or vertical and horizontal stand structure).
Structural complexity in the context of biodiversity, the display of organization
in the components of biological systems, particularly in their horizontal and vertical structure, distribution, morphology, and/or anatomy; it is also a science of
applied mathematics that describes the morphological, structural, and/or anatomical intricacies of a complex system.
Structure from motion techniques (SfM) A technique for estimating 3-D structure from a series of 2-D images that can be integrated using motion that provides multiple viewpoints via parallax. These techniques can be used to produce
3-D models based on point clouds similar to LiDAR.
Successional change Change in a community over time; for example, after a fire,
grasses may grow first and then gradually be replaced by shrubs and trees species that are increasingly shade-tolerant. Ecologists distinguish primary succession—initial establishment of an ecological community on bare substrate after
an extreme disturbance, e.g., glaciation or volcanic eruption—and secondary
succession, community change over time as a consequence of less extreme disturbance, such as fire or treefall.
Supervised classification methods Models or classifiers in which reference samples, or training data, are used to define classes.
Support vector machine (SVM) A supervised learning algorithm for classification and regression problems. Given labeled training data, the algorithm outputs
an optimal hyperplane that separates classes in multidimensional space.
Surrogacy in relation to biodiversity, the idea that diversity at one trophic level
(plant diversity) may be related to diversity at other trophic levels, or the idea that
one aspect of biodiversity can serve as a proxy of another.
Surface energy balance The formal relationship between incoming and outgoing
energy that describes the energy striking a surface (e.g., leaf or Earth surface)
and the energy leaving that surface. The energy is typically split into several
components such as shortwave (incoming solar), longwave (outgoing thermal),
sensible (temperature), and latent (e.g., phase change) energy. To maintain a constant temperature over time, these components must be in equilibrium or the
object would heat or cool.
Sustainable Development Goals A collection of 17 global goals set by the United
Nations General Assembly in 2015 for the year 2030. They cover social, economic, environmental, and development issues including poverty, hunger, health,
education, gender equality, clean water, sanitation, affordable energy, decent
work, urbanization, global warming, environment, social justice, and peace.
Glossary