recognition applications. Protein Eng Des Sel
27:145–155
9. Tiede C et al (2017) Affimer proteins are versatile and renewable affinity reagents. elife 27
(6):24903
10. Johnson A et al (2012) Sensitive affimer and
antibody based impedimetric label-free assays
for C-reactive protein. Anal Chem 84
(15):6553–6560
11. King R et al (2015) Inhibition of complement
C3 and fibrinogen interaction: a potential
novel therapeutic target to reduce cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Lancet 26
(385):60372–60375
12. Fisher MJ et al (2015) Trivalent Gd-DOTA
reagents for modification of proteins. RSC
Adv 5(116):96194–96200
13. Kyle HF et al (2015) Exploration of the
HIF-1alpha/p300 interface using peptide and
Adhiron phage display technologies. Mol BioSyst 11:2738–2749
14. Rawlings AE et al (2015) Phage display
selected magnetite interacting Adhirons for
shape controlled nanoparticle synthesis. Chem
Sci 6:5586–5594
15. Stadler LK et al (2014) The use of a neutral
peptide aptamer scaffold to anchor BH3 peptides constitutes a viable approach to studying
their function. Cell Death Dis 30(5):564
16. Sharma R et al (2016) Label-free electrochemical impedance biosensor to detect human
interleukin-8 in serum with sub-pg/ml sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 80:607–613
17. Weckman NE et al (2016) Comparison of the
specificity and affinity of surface immobilised
Affimer binders using the quartz crystal microbalance. Analyst 141(22):6278–6286
18. Arrata I et al (2017) Interfacing native and
non-native peptides: using Affimers to recognise alpha-helix mimicking foldamers. Chem
Commun 53(19):2834–2837
19. Koutsoumpeli E et al (2017) Antibody
mimetics for the detection of small organic
compounds using a quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Chem 89(5):3051–3058
20. Wang W et al (2017) Ultraefficient
cap-exchange protocol to compact biofunctional quantum dots for sensitive ratiometric
biosensing and cell imaging. ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 9(18):15232–15244
21. Xie C et al (2017) Development of an Affimerantibody combined immunological diagnosis
kit for glypican-3. Sci Rep 7(1):017–10083
22. Michel MA et al (2017) Ubiquitin linkagespecific affimers reveal insights into K6-linked
ubiquitin signaling. Mol Cell 68(1):233–246
23. Gersch M et al (2017) Mechanism and regulation of the Lys6-selective deubiquitinase
USP30. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24(11):920–930
24. Hughes DJ et al (2017) Generation of specific
inhibitors of SUMO-1- and SUMO-2/3mediated protein-protein interactions using
Affimer (Adhiron) technology. Sci Signal 10
(505):eaaj2005
25. Robinson JI et al (2018) Affimer proteins
inhibit immune complex binding to FcgammaRIIIa with high specificity through competitive and allosteric modes of action. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 115(1):E72–E81
26. Zhurauski P et al (2018) Sensitive and selective
Affimer-functionalised
interdigitated
electrode-based capacitive biosensor for Her4
protein tumour biomarker detection. Biosens
Bioelectron 108:1–8
27. Heidelberger JB et al (2018) Proteomic
profiling of VCP substrates links VCP to
K6-linked ubiquitylation and c-Myc function.
EMBO Rep 19(4):21
28. Lopata A et al (2018) Affimer proteins for
F-actin: novel affinity reagents that label
F-actin in live and fixed cells. Sci Rep 8
(1):018–24953
29. Schlichthaerle T et al (2018) Site-specific labeling of Affimers for DNA-PAINT microscopy.
Angew
Chem
Int
Ed
Engl
57
(34):11060–11063
30. Klont F et al (2018) Affimers as an alternative
to antibodies in an affinity LC-MS assay for
quantification of the soluble receptor of
advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in
human serum. J Proteome Res 17
(8):2892–2899
31. Hanes J, Pluckthun A (1997) In vitro selection
and evolution of functional proteins by using
ribosome display. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94
(10):4937–4942
32. Wilson DS, Keefe AD, Szostak JW (2001) The
use of mRNA display to select high-affinity
protein-binding peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 98(7):3750–3755
33. Odegrip R et al (2004) CIS display: in vitro
selection of peptides from libraries of proteinDNA complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101
(9):2806–2810
34. Smith GP (1985) Filamentous fusion phage:
novel expression vectors that display cloned
antigens on the virion surface. Science 228
(4705):1315–1317
35. Tang AA et al (2017) Isolation of isoformspecific binding proteins (Affimers) by phage
display using negative selection. Sci Signal 10
(505):eaan0868
Isolation of Artificial Binding Proteins
121
27:145–155
9. Tiede C et al (2017) Affimer proteins are versatile and renewable affinity reagents. elife 27
(6):24903
10. Johnson A et al (2012) Sensitive affimer and
antibody based impedimetric label-free assays
for C-reactive protein. Anal Chem 84
(15):6553–6560
11. King R et al (2015) Inhibition of complement
C3 and fibrinogen interaction: a potential
novel therapeutic target to reduce cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Lancet 26
(385):60372–60375
12. Fisher MJ et al (2015) Trivalent Gd-DOTA
reagents for modification of proteins. RSC
Adv 5(116):96194–96200
13. Kyle HF et al (2015) Exploration of the
HIF-1alpha/p300 interface using peptide and
Adhiron phage display technologies. Mol BioSyst 11:2738–2749
14. Rawlings AE et al (2015) Phage display
selected magnetite interacting Adhirons for
shape controlled nanoparticle synthesis. Chem
Sci 6:5586–5594
15. Stadler LK et al (2014) The use of a neutral
peptide aptamer scaffold to anchor BH3 peptides constitutes a viable approach to studying
their function. Cell Death Dis 30(5):564
16. Sharma R et al (2016) Label-free electrochemical impedance biosensor to detect human
interleukin-8 in serum with sub-pg/ml sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 80:607–613
17. Weckman NE et al (2016) Comparison of the
specificity and affinity of surface immobilised
Affimer binders using the quartz crystal microbalance. Analyst 141(22):6278–6286
18. Arrata I et al (2017) Interfacing native and
non-native peptides: using Affimers to recognise alpha-helix mimicking foldamers. Chem
Commun 53(19):2834–2837
19. Koutsoumpeli E et al (2017) Antibody
mimetics for the detection of small organic
compounds using a quartz crystal microbalance. Anal Chem 89(5):3051–3058
20. Wang W et al (2017) Ultraefficient
cap-exchange protocol to compact biofunctional quantum dots for sensitive ratiometric
biosensing and cell imaging. ACS Appl Mater
Interfaces 9(18):15232–15244
21. Xie C et al (2017) Development of an Affimerantibody combined immunological diagnosis
kit for glypican-3. Sci Rep 7(1):017–10083
22. Michel MA et al (2017) Ubiquitin linkagespecific affimers reveal insights into K6-linked
ubiquitin signaling. Mol Cell 68(1):233–246
23. Gersch M et al (2017) Mechanism and regulation of the Lys6-selective deubiquitinase
USP30. Nat Struct Mol Biol 24(11):920–930
24. Hughes DJ et al (2017) Generation of specific
inhibitors of SUMO-1- and SUMO-2/3mediated protein-protein interactions using
Affimer (Adhiron) technology. Sci Signal 10
(505):eaaj2005
25. Robinson JI et al (2018) Affimer proteins
inhibit immune complex binding to FcgammaRIIIa with high specificity through competitive and allosteric modes of action. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 115(1):E72–E81
26. Zhurauski P et al (2018) Sensitive and selective
Affimer-functionalised
interdigitated
electrode-based capacitive biosensor for Her4
protein tumour biomarker detection. Biosens
Bioelectron 108:1–8
27. Heidelberger JB et al (2018) Proteomic
profiling of VCP substrates links VCP to
K6-linked ubiquitylation and c-Myc function.
EMBO Rep 19(4):21
28. Lopata A et al (2018) Affimer proteins for
F-actin: novel affinity reagents that label
F-actin in live and fixed cells. Sci Rep 8
(1):018–24953
29. Schlichthaerle T et al (2018) Site-specific labeling of Affimers for DNA-PAINT microscopy.
Angew
Chem
Int
Ed
Engl
57
(34):11060–11063
30. Klont F et al (2018) Affimers as an alternative
to antibodies in an affinity LC-MS assay for
quantification of the soluble receptor of
advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in
human serum. J Proteome Res 17
(8):2892–2899
31. Hanes J, Pluckthun A (1997) In vitro selection
and evolution of functional proteins by using
ribosome display. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94
(10):4937–4942
32. Wilson DS, Keefe AD, Szostak JW (2001) The
use of mRNA display to select high-affinity
protein-binding peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 98(7):3750–3755
33. Odegrip R et al (2004) CIS display: in vitro
selection of peptides from libraries of proteinDNA complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101
(9):2806–2810
34. Smith GP (1985) Filamentous fusion phage:
novel expression vectors that display cloned
antigens on the virion surface. Science 228
(4705):1315–1317
35. Tang AA et al (2017) Isolation of isoformspecific binding proteins (Affimers) by phage
display using negative selection. Sci Signal 10
(505):eaan0868
Isolation of Artificial Binding Proteins
121