11 Remote Space- and Time-Resolved Skin Perfusion Detection …
203
• LED panels with various distinct wavelengths and switching process, synchronized to the frame reading process of the camera, enables homogeneous
illumination of the measured object;
• PPGI method is sensitive regarding motion and illumination artifacts;
• The impact of both illumination as well as motion artifacts on the signal quality
can be reduced by adapting the measurement scenario depending on the individual
application;
• Additionally, controlled scene illumination as well as a wide range of applicationspecific algorithms are available for motion compensation;
• Motion analysis enables motion-related recognition of breathing and heart rate as
an additional redundant possibility of detection compared to analysis of perfusion
information.
The unique feature of PPGI, namely its capacity for unobtrusive (contactless)
monitoring of bodily signals with spatial resolution, throws open new vistas for
this promising technique. Additional benefits of the technique include adaptability
to special measurement scenarios like monitoring of the sensitive premature skin
of neonates, or eliciting information from within wounds: this is rendered easily
possible with PPGI in comparison to classic PPG, which requires contact and faced
the possibility of negative side-effects. The likelihood of disturbance by the source
of illumination in the form of blinding of the monitored subject, can be eliminated by
employing infrared wavelength. In doing so, the PPGI technique is fast approaching
in popularity as an active optical sensing technology.
References
1. B. Venema, V. Blazek, N. Blanik, J. Schiefer, S. Leonhardt, Evaluating innovative in-ear pulse
oximetry for unobtrusive cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring during sleep. IEEE J.
Transl. Eng. Health Med. 1 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JTEHM.2013.2277870
2. M. Hülsbusch, A functional imaging technique for optoelectronic assessment of skin perfusion.
PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2008)
3. A. Beer, Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten (Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids). Annalen Der Physik Und Chemie 86,
78–88 (1852)
4. O. Such, Mehrwellenlängen- und bildgestützte Vefahren zur optoelektronishen Gefässdiagnostik. PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University (1988)
5. UltraPix, UltraPix MX. FE, FK, FKI, NeuroCam and Capella Camera systems Installation
Guide. LSR AstroCam. 33, 66 (1997)
6. Allied Vision Technologies, AVT PIKE F-210B/F-210C AVT PIKE F-210B/F-210C fiber,
camera specifications (2007)
7. N. Blanik, C. Pereira, M. Czaplik, V. Blazek, S. Leonhardt, Remote photoplethysmographic
imaging of dermal perfusion in porcina animal model, in IFMBE Proc. 43, pp. 92–95 (2014)
8. H. Nyquist, Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng. 47,
617–644. ISSN 0096–3860 (1928)
9. B.E. Bayer, Color imaging array. U.S. Patent 3,971,065 issued 1976–07–20 on web (1976)
10. J. Hahn, Development of an Artifact Resistant, Calibrated Illumination Strategy for Camerabased Photoplethysmography. Master thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2014)
203
• LED panels with various distinct wavelengths and switching process, synchronized to the frame reading process of the camera, enables homogeneous
illumination of the measured object;
• PPGI method is sensitive regarding motion and illumination artifacts;
• The impact of both illumination as well as motion artifacts on the signal quality
can be reduced by adapting the measurement scenario depending on the individual
application;
• Additionally, controlled scene illumination as well as a wide range of applicationspecific algorithms are available for motion compensation;
• Motion analysis enables motion-related recognition of breathing and heart rate as
an additional redundant possibility of detection compared to analysis of perfusion
information.
The unique feature of PPGI, namely its capacity for unobtrusive (contactless)
monitoring of bodily signals with spatial resolution, throws open new vistas for
this promising technique. Additional benefits of the technique include adaptability
to special measurement scenarios like monitoring of the sensitive premature skin
of neonates, or eliciting information from within wounds: this is rendered easily
possible with PPGI in comparison to classic PPG, which requires contact and faced
the possibility of negative side-effects. The likelihood of disturbance by the source
of illumination in the form of blinding of the monitored subject, can be eliminated by
employing infrared wavelength. In doing so, the PPGI technique is fast approaching
in popularity as an active optical sensing technology.
References
1. B. Venema, V. Blazek, N. Blanik, J. Schiefer, S. Leonhardt, Evaluating innovative in-ear pulse
oximetry for unobtrusive cardiovascular and pulmonary monitoring during sleep. IEEE J.
Transl. Eng. Health Med. 1 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JTEHM.2013.2277870
2. M. Hülsbusch, A functional imaging technique for optoelectronic assessment of skin perfusion.
PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2008)
3. A. Beer, Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flüssigkeiten (Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids). Annalen Der Physik Und Chemie 86,
78–88 (1852)
4. O. Such, Mehrwellenlängen- und bildgestützte Vefahren zur optoelektronishen Gefässdiagnostik. PhD thesis, RWTH Aachen University (1988)
5. UltraPix, UltraPix MX. FE, FK, FKI, NeuroCam and Capella Camera systems Installation
Guide. LSR AstroCam. 33, 66 (1997)
6. Allied Vision Technologies, AVT PIKE F-210B/F-210C AVT PIKE F-210B/F-210C fiber,
camera specifications (2007)
7. N. Blanik, C. Pereira, M. Czaplik, V. Blazek, S. Leonhardt, Remote photoplethysmographic
imaging of dermal perfusion in porcina animal model, in IFMBE Proc. 43, pp. 92–95 (2014)
8. H. Nyquist, Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. Trans. Am. Inst. Electr. Eng. 47,
617–644. ISSN 0096–3860 (1928)
9. B.E. Bayer, Color imaging array. U.S. Patent 3,971,065 issued 1976–07–20 on web (1976)
10. J. Hahn, Development of an Artifact Resistant, Calibrated Illumination Strategy for Camerabased Photoplethysmography. Master thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2014)