attempted to validate three DNA barcoding
markers (atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI, and trnH-psbA)
for inter-species and intra-species discrimination
in S. polyrhiza and Lan. punctata using 48 ecotypes of Lan. punctata and 49 ecotypes of S.
polyrhiza. They concluded that these markers
were effective in species identification but could
not be employed in ecotypes identification.
However, the authors claimed that their newly
designed SSR markers (SC09/10, SC19/20, and
SC35/36) could be used as universal markers for
both inter-species and intra-species level identification of S. polyrhiza and Lan. punctata (Feng
et al. 2017).
The interest in the use of DNA barcoding for
duckweeds identification has been extended to
the small-scale field level. Baker (2018) and his
students used rbcL and atpF-atpH as barcodes to
identify duckweed species in a cove in Lake
Saint Clair at Michigan, USA. The rbcL data did
not show enough sequence divergence to identify
Lemna samples to the species level, but the
results from the BLASTn searches of the atpFatpH barcodes in this study revealed the presence
of four species of duckweed including L. minor,
S. polyrhiza, W. columbiana, and L. obscura
(Baker 2018).
Recent advancement in the techniques of
DNA extraction, purification, and sequencing
coupled with a drop in cost in recent years made
DNA barcoding a preferred method for plant
identification (Ali et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2010).
Especially due to their small size and reduced
morphology, DNA barcoding is effectively aiding in the proper identification of duckweed
species (Sree et al. 2016). Identification of
duckweed species on the basis of DNA barcoding may become essential in the future. As stated
by Baker (2018), the Rutgers Duckweed Stock
Cooperative does not accept germplasm donation
of duckweeds that are not identified by DNA
barcoding. Huge progress has been made in
barcoding of duckweed species in the last few
years, and efforts are continued by researchers
trying different regions of plastid and nuclear
genomes as potential barcodes.
References
Ali MA, Pandey AK, Gyulai G, Park SH, Lee C, Kim SY,
Lee J (2016) Introduction to plant DNA barcoding. In:
Ali MA, Gabor G, Al-Hemaid F (eds) Plant DNA
barcoding and phylogenetics. pp 1–14
Appenroth K-J, Borisjuk N, Lam E (2013) Telling
duckweed apart: genotyping technologies for the
lemnaceae. Chinese J Appl Environ Biol 19(1):1–10.
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1145.2013.00001
Baker SS (2018) Using DNA barcoding to identify
duckweed species as part of an undergraduate ecology
course. In: Environmental chemistry: undergraduate
and graduate classroom, laboratory, and local community learning experiences, vol 1267. American
Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-20181276.ch1005
Bog M, Schneider P, Hellwig F, Sachse S, Kochieva EZ,
Martyrosian E, Landolt E, Appenroth KJ (2013)
Genetic characterization and barcoding of taxa in the
genus Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. (Lemnaceae) as
revealed by two plastidic markers and amplified
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Planta 237
(1):1–13
Borisjuk N, Chu P, Gutierrez R, Zhang H, Acosta K,
Friesen N, Sree KS, Garcia C, Appenroth KJ, Lam E
(2015) Assessment, validation and deployment strategy of a two-barcode protocol for facile genotyping of
duckweed species. Plant Biology 17:42–49
Feng B, Fang Y, Xu Z, Xiang C, Zhou C, Jiang F, Wang T,
Zhao H (2017) Development of a new marker system
for identification of Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia
punctata. Int J Genomics 2017:2017
Group CPW (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Proc
Nat Acad Sci USA 106:12794–12797
Hubert N, Hanner R, Holm E, Mandrak NE, Taylor E,
Burridge M, Watkinson D, Dumont P, Curry A,
Bentzen P, Zhang J, April J, Bernatchez L (2003)
Identifying Canadian freshwater fishes through DNA
barcodes. PLoS ONE 3(6):e2490
Kress WJ, Wurdack KJ, Zimmer EA, Weigt LA,
Janzen DH (2005) Use of DNA barcodes to identify
flowering plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8369–
8374
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Gabel JD, Kimball RT
(2002) Phylogeny and systematics of Lemnaceae, the
duckweed family. Syst Bot 27(2):221–240
Les DH, Landolt E, Crawford DJ (1997) Systematics of
the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. P1 Syst Evol
204:161–177
Martyrosian EV, Ryzhova NN, Kochieva EZ,
Skryabin KG (2009) Analysis of chloroplast rpS16
intron sequences in Lemnaceae. Mol Biol 43:32–38
Meyer CP, Paulay G (2005) DNA barcoding: error rates
based on comprehensive sampling. Plos Bioloy 3(12):
e422
64
J. Zhang and A. Azizullah
markers (atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI, and trnH-psbA)
for inter-species and intra-species discrimination
in S. polyrhiza and Lan. punctata using 48 ecotypes of Lan. punctata and 49 ecotypes of S.
polyrhiza. They concluded that these markers
were effective in species identification but could
not be employed in ecotypes identification.
However, the authors claimed that their newly
designed SSR markers (SC09/10, SC19/20, and
SC35/36) could be used as universal markers for
both inter-species and intra-species level identification of S. polyrhiza and Lan. punctata (Feng
et al. 2017).
The interest in the use of DNA barcoding for
duckweeds identification has been extended to
the small-scale field level. Baker (2018) and his
students used rbcL and atpF-atpH as barcodes to
identify duckweed species in a cove in Lake
Saint Clair at Michigan, USA. The rbcL data did
not show enough sequence divergence to identify
Lemna samples to the species level, but the
results from the BLASTn searches of the atpFatpH barcodes in this study revealed the presence
of four species of duckweed including L. minor,
S. polyrhiza, W. columbiana, and L. obscura
(Baker 2018).
Recent advancement in the techniques of
DNA extraction, purification, and sequencing
coupled with a drop in cost in recent years made
DNA barcoding a preferred method for plant
identification (Ali et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2010).
Especially due to their small size and reduced
morphology, DNA barcoding is effectively aiding in the proper identification of duckweed
species (Sree et al. 2016). Identification of
duckweed species on the basis of DNA barcoding may become essential in the future. As stated
by Baker (2018), the Rutgers Duckweed Stock
Cooperative does not accept germplasm donation
of duckweeds that are not identified by DNA
barcoding. Huge progress has been made in
barcoding of duckweed species in the last few
years, and efforts are continued by researchers
trying different regions of plastid and nuclear
genomes as potential barcodes.
References
Ali MA, Pandey AK, Gyulai G, Park SH, Lee C, Kim SY,
Lee J (2016) Introduction to plant DNA barcoding. In:
Ali MA, Gabor G, Al-Hemaid F (eds) Plant DNA
barcoding and phylogenetics. pp 1–14
Appenroth K-J, Borisjuk N, Lam E (2013) Telling
duckweed apart: genotyping technologies for the
lemnaceae. Chinese J Appl Environ Biol 19(1):1–10.
https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1145.2013.00001
Baker SS (2018) Using DNA barcoding to identify
duckweed species as part of an undergraduate ecology
course. In: Environmental chemistry: undergraduate
and graduate classroom, laboratory, and local community learning experiences, vol 1267. American
Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-20181276.ch1005
Bog M, Schneider P, Hellwig F, Sachse S, Kochieva EZ,
Martyrosian E, Landolt E, Appenroth KJ (2013)
Genetic characterization and barcoding of taxa in the
genus Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. (Lemnaceae) as
revealed by two plastidic markers and amplified
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Planta 237
(1):1–13
Borisjuk N, Chu P, Gutierrez R, Zhang H, Acosta K,
Friesen N, Sree KS, Garcia C, Appenroth KJ, Lam E
(2015) Assessment, validation and deployment strategy of a two-barcode protocol for facile genotyping of
duckweed species. Plant Biology 17:42–49
Feng B, Fang Y, Xu Z, Xiang C, Zhou C, Jiang F, Wang T,
Zhao H (2017) Development of a new marker system
for identification of Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia
punctata. Int J Genomics 2017:2017
Group CPW (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Proc
Nat Acad Sci USA 106:12794–12797
Hubert N, Hanner R, Holm E, Mandrak NE, Taylor E,
Burridge M, Watkinson D, Dumont P, Curry A,
Bentzen P, Zhang J, April J, Bernatchez L (2003)
Identifying Canadian freshwater fishes through DNA
barcodes. PLoS ONE 3(6):e2490
Kress WJ, Wurdack KJ, Zimmer EA, Weigt LA,
Janzen DH (2005) Use of DNA barcodes to identify
flowering plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8369–
8374
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Gabel JD, Kimball RT
(2002) Phylogeny and systematics of Lemnaceae, the
duckweed family. Syst Bot 27(2):221–240
Les DH, Landolt E, Crawford DJ (1997) Systematics of
the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. P1 Syst Evol
204:161–177
Martyrosian EV, Ryzhova NN, Kochieva EZ,
Skryabin KG (2009) Analysis of chloroplast rpS16
intron sequences in Lemnaceae. Mol Biol 43:32–38
Meyer CP, Paulay G (2005) DNA barcoding: error rates
based on comprehensive sampling. Plos Bioloy 3(12):
e422
64
J. Zhang and A. Azizullah