main limitations. Therefore, more intense and
persistent efforts are needed to develop efficient
approaches for genetic transformation of duckweeds. In addition, most of the genes transferred
into duckweeds are reported genes or vaccine
related. More efforts are also needed to express
various types of genes in order to expand the
development and utilization of duckweeds.
References
Abel S, Theologis A (1994) Transient transformation of
Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts: a versatile experimental
system to study gene expression. Plant J 5(3):421–427
Ali S, Zhang X, Xue Q, Hassan MJ (2007) Investigations
for improved genetic transformation mediated by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens in two rice cultivars.
Biotechnology 6(1):138–147
Anderson KE, Lowman Z, Stomp AM, Chang J (2011)
Duckweed as a feed ingredient in laying hen diets and
its effect on egg production and composition. Int J
Poult Sci 10(1):4–7
Appenroth KJ, Borisjuk N, Lam E (2013) Telling
duckweed apart: genotyping technologies for the
Lemnaceae. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 19(1):1–10
Appenroth KJ, Crawford DJ, Les DH (2015) After the
genome sequencing of duckweed—how to proceed
with research on the fastest growing angiosperm?
Plant Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):1–4
Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Böhm V, Hammann S, Vetter W,
Leiterer M et al (2017) Nutritional value of duckweeds
(Lemnaceae) as human food. Food Chem 217:
266–273
Bai FW, Anderson WA, Mooyoung M (2008) Ethanol
fermentation technologies from sugar and starch
feedstocks. Biotechnol Adv 26(1):89–105
Balaji P, Satheeshkumar PK, Venkataraman K, Vijayalakshmi MA (2015) Expression of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) single-chain variable fragment
(scFv) in Spirodela punctata plants transformed with
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 63(3):354
Bertran K, Thomas C, Guo X, Bublot M, Pritchard N,
Regan JT et al (2015) Expression of H5 hemagglutinin
vaccine antigen in common duckweed (Lemna minor)
protects against H5N1 high pathogenicity avian
influenza virus challenge in immunized chickens.
Vaccine 33(30):3456–3462
Boehm R (2007) Bioproduction of therapeutic proteins in
the 21st century and the role of plants and plant cells
as production platforms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1102
(1):121–134
Boehm R, Kruse CD, Barth S, Schnabl H (2001) A
transient transformation system for duckweed (Wolffia
columbiana) using Agrobacterium-mediated gene
transfer. J Appl Bot 75(4):107–111
Bog M, Lautenschlager U, Landrock MF, Landolt E,
Fuchs J, Sree KS et al (2015) Genetic characterization
and barcoding of taxa in the genera Landoltia and
Spirodela, (Lemnaceae) by three plastidic markers and
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).
Hydrobiologia 749(1):169–182
Cantó-Pastor A, Mollá-Morales A, Ernst E, Dahl W,
Zhai J, Yan Y et al (2015) Efficient transformation and
artificial miRNA gene silencing in Lemna minor. Plant
Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):59
Cao HX, Vu GT, Wang W, Messing J, Schubert I (2015)
Chromatin organisation in duckweed interphase nuclei
in relation to the nuclear DNA content. Plant Biol 17
(Suppl 1 s1):120
Cao HX, Vu GT, Wang W, Appenroth KJ, Messing J,
Schubert I (2016) The map-based genome sequence of
Spirodela polyrhiza aligned with its chromosomes, a
reference for karyotype evolution. New Phytol 209
(1):354–363
Cheng J (2010) Biological process for ethanol production.
In: Cheng J (ed) Biomass to renewable energy processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 209–270
Cheng M, Fry JE, Pang S, Zhou H, Hironaka CM,
Duncan DR et al (1997) Genetic transformation of
wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant
Physiol 115(3):971–980
Chhabra G, Chaudhary D, Sainger M, Jaiwal PK (2011)
Genetic transformation of Indian isolate of Lemna
minor, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and
recovery of transgenic plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants
Int J Funct Plant Biol 17(2):129–136
Cox KM, Sterling JD, Regan JT, Gasdaska JR,
Frantz KK, Peele CG et al (2006) Glycan optimization
of a human monoclonal antibody in the aquatic plant
Lemna minor. Nat Biotechnol 24(12):1591–1597
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):16
Dai S, Zheng P, Marmey P, Zhang S, Tian W, Chen S
et al (2001) Comparative analysis of transgenic rice
plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Mol Breed 7(1):
25–33
Endo A, Nakamura T, Ando A, Tokuyasu K, Shima J
(2008) Genome-wide screening of the genes required
for tolerance to vanillin, which is a potential inhibitor
of bioethanol fermentation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 1:1–6
Firsov A, Tarasenko I, Mitiouchkina T, Ismailova N,
Shaloiko L, Vainstein A et al (2015) High-yield
expression of M2e peptide of avian influenza virus
H5N1 in transgenic duckweed plants. Mol Biotechnol
57(7):1–9
Frey M, Rall S, Roth A, Hemleben V (1980) Evidence for
uptake of plasmid DNA into intact plants (Lemna
perpusilla) proved by an E. coli transformation assay.
Z Naturforsch 35(11–12):1104–1106
15 Transformation Development in Duckweeds
153
persistent efforts are needed to develop efficient
approaches for genetic transformation of duckweeds. In addition, most of the genes transferred
into duckweeds are reported genes or vaccine
related. More efforts are also needed to express
various types of genes in order to expand the
development and utilization of duckweeds.
References
Abel S, Theologis A (1994) Transient transformation of
Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts: a versatile experimental
system to study gene expression. Plant J 5(3):421–427
Ali S, Zhang X, Xue Q, Hassan MJ (2007) Investigations
for improved genetic transformation mediated by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens in two rice cultivars.
Biotechnology 6(1):138–147
Anderson KE, Lowman Z, Stomp AM, Chang J (2011)
Duckweed as a feed ingredient in laying hen diets and
its effect on egg production and composition. Int J
Poult Sci 10(1):4–7
Appenroth KJ, Borisjuk N, Lam E (2013) Telling
duckweed apart: genotyping technologies for the
Lemnaceae. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 19(1):1–10
Appenroth KJ, Crawford DJ, Les DH (2015) After the
genome sequencing of duckweed—how to proceed
with research on the fastest growing angiosperm?
Plant Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):1–4
Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Böhm V, Hammann S, Vetter W,
Leiterer M et al (2017) Nutritional value of duckweeds
(Lemnaceae) as human food. Food Chem 217:
266–273
Bai FW, Anderson WA, Mooyoung M (2008) Ethanol
fermentation technologies from sugar and starch
feedstocks. Biotechnol Adv 26(1):89–105
Balaji P, Satheeshkumar PK, Venkataraman K, Vijayalakshmi MA (2015) Expression of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) single-chain variable fragment
(scFv) in Spirodela punctata plants transformed with
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 63(3):354
Bertran K, Thomas C, Guo X, Bublot M, Pritchard N,
Regan JT et al (2015) Expression of H5 hemagglutinin
vaccine antigen in common duckweed (Lemna minor)
protects against H5N1 high pathogenicity avian
influenza virus challenge in immunized chickens.
Vaccine 33(30):3456–3462
Boehm R (2007) Bioproduction of therapeutic proteins in
the 21st century and the role of plants and plant cells
as production platforms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1102
(1):121–134
Boehm R, Kruse CD, Barth S, Schnabl H (2001) A
transient transformation system for duckweed (Wolffia
columbiana) using Agrobacterium-mediated gene
transfer. J Appl Bot 75(4):107–111
Bog M, Lautenschlager U, Landrock MF, Landolt E,
Fuchs J, Sree KS et al (2015) Genetic characterization
and barcoding of taxa in the genera Landoltia and
Spirodela, (Lemnaceae) by three plastidic markers and
amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).
Hydrobiologia 749(1):169–182
Cantó-Pastor A, Mollá-Morales A, Ernst E, Dahl W,
Zhai J, Yan Y et al (2015) Efficient transformation and
artificial miRNA gene silencing in Lemna minor. Plant
Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):59
Cao HX, Vu GT, Wang W, Messing J, Schubert I (2015)
Chromatin organisation in duckweed interphase nuclei
in relation to the nuclear DNA content. Plant Biol 17
(Suppl 1 s1):120
Cao HX, Vu GT, Wang W, Appenroth KJ, Messing J,
Schubert I (2016) The map-based genome sequence of
Spirodela polyrhiza aligned with its chromosomes, a
reference for karyotype evolution. New Phytol 209
(1):354–363
Cheng J (2010) Biological process for ethanol production.
In: Cheng J (ed) Biomass to renewable energy processes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 209–270
Cheng M, Fry JE, Pang S, Zhou H, Hironaka CM,
Duncan DR et al (1997) Genetic transformation of
wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant
Physiol 115(3):971–980
Chhabra G, Chaudhary D, Sainger M, Jaiwal PK (2011)
Genetic transformation of Indian isolate of Lemna
minor, mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and
recovery of transgenic plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants
Int J Funct Plant Biol 17(2):129–136
Cox KM, Sterling JD, Regan JT, Gasdaska JR,
Frantz KK, Peele CG et al (2006) Glycan optimization
of a human monoclonal antibody in the aquatic plant
Lemna minor. Nat Biotechnol 24(12):1591–1597
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol 17(Suppl 1 s1):16
Dai S, Zheng P, Marmey P, Zhang S, Tian W, Chen S
et al (2001) Comparative analysis of transgenic rice
plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Mol Breed 7(1):
25–33
Endo A, Nakamura T, Ando A, Tokuyasu K, Shima J
(2008) Genome-wide screening of the genes required
for tolerance to vanillin, which is a potential inhibitor
of bioethanol fermentation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 1:1–6
Firsov A, Tarasenko I, Mitiouchkina T, Ismailova N,
Shaloiko L, Vainstein A et al (2015) High-yield
expression of M2e peptide of avian influenza virus
H5N1 in transgenic duckweed plants. Mol Biotechnol
57(7):1–9
Frey M, Rall S, Roth A, Hemleben V (1980) Evidence for
uptake of plasmid DNA into intact plants (Lemna
perpusilla) proved by an E. coli transformation assay.
Z Naturforsch 35(11–12):1104–1106
15 Transformation Development in Duckweeds
153