Braun M, Hauslage J, Czogalla A, Limbach C (2004) Tip-localized actin polymerization and
remodeling, reflected by the localization of ADF, profilin and villin, are fundamental for
gravity-sensing and polarized growth of characean rhizoids. Planta 219:379–388
Buchen B, Braun M, Hejnowicz Z, Sievers A (1993) Statoliths pull on microfilaments. Experiments
under microgravity. Protoplasma 172:38–42
Buchen B, Braun M, Sievers A (1997) Statoliths, cytoskeletal elements and cytoplasmic streaming
of Chara rhizoids under reduced gravity during TEXUS flights. In: Life sciences experiments
performed on sounding rockets (1985–1994), vol 1206. ESA Publications Division, ESA-SP,
Nordwijk, pp 71–75
Driss-Ecole D, Jeune B, Prouteau M, Julianus P, Perbal G (2000) Lentil root statoliths reach a stable
state in microgravity. Planta 211:396–405
Friedrich ULD, Joop O, Pütz C, Willich G (1996) The slow rotating centrifuge NIZEMI – a
versatile instrument for terrestrial hypergravity and space microgravity research in biology
and materials science. Biotechnology 47:225–238
Geitmann A, Emons AM (2000) The cytoskeleton in plant and fungal cell tip growth. J Microsc
198:218–245
Heath IB (1990) The role of actin in tip growth of fungi. Int Rev Cytol 123:95–127
Hejnowicz Z, Heinemann B, Sievers A (1977) Tip growth: pattern of growth rate and stress in the
Chara rhizoid. Z Pflanzenphysiol 81:409–424
Hepler PK, Vidali L, Cheung AY (2001) Polarized cell growth in higher plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev
Biol 17:159–187
Hodick D (1993) The protonema of Chara fragilis Desv.: regenerative formation, photomorphogenesis, and gravitropism. Bot Acta 106:388–393
Hodick D (1994) Negative gravitropism in Chara protonemata: a model integrating the opposite
gravitropic responses of protonemata and rhizoids. Planta 195:43–49
Hodick D, Buchen B, Sievers A (1998) Statolith positioning by microfilaments in Chara rhizoids
and protonemata. Adv Space Res 21:1183–1189
Hoson T, Kamisaka S, Masuda Y, Yamashita M, Buchen B (1997) Evaluation of the threedimensional clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness. Planta 203:S187–S197
Hou G, Kramer VL, Wang Y-S, Chen R, Perbal G, Gilroy S, Blancaflor EB (2004) The promotion
of gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots upon actin disruption is coupled with the extended
alkalinization of the columella cytoplasm and a persistent lateral auxin gradient. Plant J
39:113–125
Kiss JZ (2000) Mechanisms of the early phases of plant gravitropism. Crit Rev Plant Sci
19:551–573
Krause L, Braun M, Hauslage J, Hemmersbach R (2018) Analysis of statoliths displacement in
Chara rhizoids for validating the microgravity-simulation quality of clinorotation modes.
Microgravity Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-017-9580-7
Leitz G, Schnepf E, Greulich KO (1995) Micromanipulation of statoliths in gravity-sensing Chara
rhizoids by optical tweezers. Planta 197:278–288
Lewis LA, McCourt RM (2004) Green algae and the origin of land plants. Am J Bot 91:1535–1556
Limbach C, Braun M (2008) Electron tomographic characterization of a vacuolar reticulum and of
six vesicle types that occupy different cytoplasmic domains in the apex of tip-growing Chara
rhizoids. Planta 227:1101–1114
Limbach C, Hauslage J, Schaefer C, Braun M (2005) How to activate a plant gravireceptor – early
mechanisms of gravity sensing studied in characean rhizoids during parabolic flights. Plant
Physiol 139:1–11
Lovy-Wheeler A, Wilsen KL, Baskin TI, Hepler PK (2005) Enhanced fixation reveals the apical
cortical fringe of actin filaments as a consistent feature of the pollen tube. Planta 221:95–104
Perbal G, Lefrance A, Jeune B, Driss-Ecole D (2004) Mechanotransduction in root gravity sensing
cells. Physiol Plant 120:303–311
Sievers A, Heinemann B, Rodriguez-Garcia MI (1979) Nachweis des subapikalen differentiellen
Flankenwachstums im Chara-Rhizoid während der Graviresponse. Z Pflanzenphysiol
91:435–442
64
4 Gravitropism in Tip-Growing Rhizoids and Protonemata of Characean Algae
remodeling, reflected by the localization of ADF, profilin and villin, are fundamental for
gravity-sensing and polarized growth of characean rhizoids. Planta 219:379–388
Buchen B, Braun M, Hejnowicz Z, Sievers A (1993) Statoliths pull on microfilaments. Experiments
under microgravity. Protoplasma 172:38–42
Buchen B, Braun M, Sievers A (1997) Statoliths, cytoskeletal elements and cytoplasmic streaming
of Chara rhizoids under reduced gravity during TEXUS flights. In: Life sciences experiments
performed on sounding rockets (1985–1994), vol 1206. ESA Publications Division, ESA-SP,
Nordwijk, pp 71–75
Driss-Ecole D, Jeune B, Prouteau M, Julianus P, Perbal G (2000) Lentil root statoliths reach a stable
state in microgravity. Planta 211:396–405
Friedrich ULD, Joop O, Pütz C, Willich G (1996) The slow rotating centrifuge NIZEMI – a
versatile instrument for terrestrial hypergravity and space microgravity research in biology
and materials science. Biotechnology 47:225–238
Geitmann A, Emons AM (2000) The cytoskeleton in plant and fungal cell tip growth. J Microsc
198:218–245
Heath IB (1990) The role of actin in tip growth of fungi. Int Rev Cytol 123:95–127
Hejnowicz Z, Heinemann B, Sievers A (1977) Tip growth: pattern of growth rate and stress in the
Chara rhizoid. Z Pflanzenphysiol 81:409–424
Hepler PK, Vidali L, Cheung AY (2001) Polarized cell growth in higher plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev
Biol 17:159–187
Hodick D (1993) The protonema of Chara fragilis Desv.: regenerative formation, photomorphogenesis, and gravitropism. Bot Acta 106:388–393
Hodick D (1994) Negative gravitropism in Chara protonemata: a model integrating the opposite
gravitropic responses of protonemata and rhizoids. Planta 195:43–49
Hodick D, Buchen B, Sievers A (1998) Statolith positioning by microfilaments in Chara rhizoids
and protonemata. Adv Space Res 21:1183–1189
Hoson T, Kamisaka S, Masuda Y, Yamashita M, Buchen B (1997) Evaluation of the threedimensional clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness. Planta 203:S187–S197
Hou G, Kramer VL, Wang Y-S, Chen R, Perbal G, Gilroy S, Blancaflor EB (2004) The promotion
of gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots upon actin disruption is coupled with the extended
alkalinization of the columella cytoplasm and a persistent lateral auxin gradient. Plant J
39:113–125
Kiss JZ (2000) Mechanisms of the early phases of plant gravitropism. Crit Rev Plant Sci
19:551–573
Krause L, Braun M, Hauslage J, Hemmersbach R (2018) Analysis of statoliths displacement in
Chara rhizoids for validating the microgravity-simulation quality of clinorotation modes.
Microgravity Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217-017-9580-7
Leitz G, Schnepf E, Greulich KO (1995) Micromanipulation of statoliths in gravity-sensing Chara
rhizoids by optical tweezers. Planta 197:278–288
Lewis LA, McCourt RM (2004) Green algae and the origin of land plants. Am J Bot 91:1535–1556
Limbach C, Braun M (2008) Electron tomographic characterization of a vacuolar reticulum and of
six vesicle types that occupy different cytoplasmic domains in the apex of tip-growing Chara
rhizoids. Planta 227:1101–1114
Limbach C, Hauslage J, Schaefer C, Braun M (2005) How to activate a plant gravireceptor – early
mechanisms of gravity sensing studied in characean rhizoids during parabolic flights. Plant
Physiol 139:1–11
Lovy-Wheeler A, Wilsen KL, Baskin TI, Hepler PK (2005) Enhanced fixation reveals the apical
cortical fringe of actin filaments as a consistent feature of the pollen tube. Planta 221:95–104
Perbal G, Lefrance A, Jeune B, Driss-Ecole D (2004) Mechanotransduction in root gravity sensing
cells. Physiol Plant 120:303–311
Sievers A, Heinemann B, Rodriguez-Garcia MI (1979) Nachweis des subapikalen differentiellen
Flankenwachstums im Chara-Rhizoid während der Graviresponse. Z Pflanzenphysiol
91:435–442
64
4 Gravitropism in Tip-Growing Rhizoids and Protonemata of Characean Algae