Hensel W, Sievers A (1980) Effects of prolonged omnilateral gravistimulation on the ultrastructure
of statocytes and on the graviresponse of roots. Planta 150:338–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00384664
Hoson T, Kamisaka S, Masuda Y et al (1997) Evaluation of the three-dimensional clinostat as a
simulator of weightlessness. Planta 203:S187–S197. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008108
Hou G, Mohamalawari DR, Blancaflor EB (2003) Enhanced gravitropism of roots with a disrupted
cap actin cytoskeleton. Plant Physiol 131:1360–1373. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.014423
Hou G, Kramer VL, Wang YS et al (2004) The promotion of gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots
upon actin disruption is coupled with the extended alkalinization of the columella cytoplasm and
a persistent lateral auxin gradient. Plant J 39:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.
2004.02114.x
Ingber DE, Wang N, Stamenović D (2014) Tensegrity, cellular biophysics, and the mechanics of
living systems. Reports Prog Phys 77. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/4/046603
Johannes E, Collings DA, Rink JC, Allen NS (2001) Cytoplasmic pH dynamics in maize pulvinal
cells induced by gravity vector changes. Plant Physiol 127:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.
127.1.119
Juniper BE, Groves S, Landau-Schachar B, Audus LJ (1966) Root cap and the perception of gravity
[35]. Nature 209:93–94
Kiss JZ, Sack FD (1989) Reduced gravitropic sensitivity in roots of a starch-deficient mutant of
Nicotiana sylvestris. Planta 180:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02411418
Kiss JZ, Hertel R, Sack FD (1989) Amyloplasts are necessary for full gravitropic sensitivity in roots
of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 177:198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392808
Knight TA (1806) V. On the direction of the radicle and germen during the vegetation of seeds. By
Thomas Andrew knight, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter to the right Hon. Sir Joseph banks, K. B. P. R.
S. Philos Trans R Soc London 96:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1806.0006
Konings H (1968) The significance of the root cap for geotropism. Acta Bot Neerl 17:203–211.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1968.tb00074.x
Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1996) Intracellular magnetophoresis of amyloplasts and induction
of root curvature. Planta 198:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197590
Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1997) Magnetophoretic induction of curvature in coleoptiles and
hypocotyls. J Exp Bot 48:1951–1957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/48.316.1951
Kuznetsov OA, Schwuchow J, Sack FD, Hasenstein KH (1999) Curvature induced by amyloplast
magnetophoresis in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. Plant Physiol 119
(2):645–650
Laurinavicius R, Stockus A, Buchen B, Sievers A (1996) Structure of cress root statocytes in
microgravity (Bion-10 mission). Adv Space Res 17:91–94
Lee JS, Evans ML (1985) Polar transport of auxin across gravistimulated roots of maize and its
enhancement by calcium. Plant Physiol 77:824–827
Lee JS, Mulkey TJ, Evans ML (1983a) Gravity-induced polar transport of calcium across root tips
of maize. Plant Physiol 73:874–876. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.73.4.874
Lee JS, Mulkey TJ, Evans ML (1983b) Reversible loss of gravitropic sensitivity in maize roots after
tip application of calcium chelators. Science 220:1375–1376
Leitz G, Kang B-H, Schoenwaelder MEA, Staehelin LA (2009) Statolith sedimentation kinetics and
force transduction to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in gravity-sensing Arabidopsis columella cells. Plant Cell Online 21:843–860. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.065052
Mei Y, Jia WJ, Chu YJ, Xue HW (2012) Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol monophosphate
5-kinase 2 is involved in root gravitropism through regulation of polar auxin transport by
affecting the cycling of PIN proteins. Cell Res 22:581–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.150
Meldolesi J, Pozzan T (1998) The endoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+ store: a view from the lumen. Trends
Biochem Sci 23:10–14
Michniewicz M, Zago MK, Abas L et al (2007) Antagonistic regulation of PIN phosphorylation by
PP2A and PINOID directs auxin flux. Cell 130:1044–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.
07.033
90
6 Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Cellular Aspects
of statocytes and on the graviresponse of roots. Planta 150:338–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00384664
Hoson T, Kamisaka S, Masuda Y et al (1997) Evaluation of the three-dimensional clinostat as a
simulator of weightlessness. Planta 203:S187–S197. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008108
Hou G, Mohamalawari DR, Blancaflor EB (2003) Enhanced gravitropism of roots with a disrupted
cap actin cytoskeleton. Plant Physiol 131:1360–1373. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.014423
Hou G, Kramer VL, Wang YS et al (2004) The promotion of gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots
upon actin disruption is coupled with the extended alkalinization of the columella cytoplasm and
a persistent lateral auxin gradient. Plant J 39:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.
2004.02114.x
Ingber DE, Wang N, Stamenović D (2014) Tensegrity, cellular biophysics, and the mechanics of
living systems. Reports Prog Phys 77. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/77/4/046603
Johannes E, Collings DA, Rink JC, Allen NS (2001) Cytoplasmic pH dynamics in maize pulvinal
cells induced by gravity vector changes. Plant Physiol 127:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.
127.1.119
Juniper BE, Groves S, Landau-Schachar B, Audus LJ (1966) Root cap and the perception of gravity
[35]. Nature 209:93–94
Kiss JZ, Sack FD (1989) Reduced gravitropic sensitivity in roots of a starch-deficient mutant of
Nicotiana sylvestris. Planta 180:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02411418
Kiss JZ, Hertel R, Sack FD (1989) Amyloplasts are necessary for full gravitropic sensitivity in roots
of Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 177:198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00392808
Knight TA (1806) V. On the direction of the radicle and germen during the vegetation of seeds. By
Thomas Andrew knight, Esq. F. R. S. In a letter to the right Hon. Sir Joseph banks, K. B. P. R.
S. Philos Trans R Soc London 96:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1806.0006
Konings H (1968) The significance of the root cap for geotropism. Acta Bot Neerl 17:203–211.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1968.tb00074.x
Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1996) Intracellular magnetophoresis of amyloplasts and induction
of root curvature. Planta 198:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197590
Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1997) Magnetophoretic induction of curvature in coleoptiles and
hypocotyls. J Exp Bot 48:1951–1957. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/48.316.1951
Kuznetsov OA, Schwuchow J, Sack FD, Hasenstein KH (1999) Curvature induced by amyloplast
magnetophoresis in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. Plant Physiol 119
(2):645–650
Laurinavicius R, Stockus A, Buchen B, Sievers A (1996) Structure of cress root statocytes in
microgravity (Bion-10 mission). Adv Space Res 17:91–94
Lee JS, Evans ML (1985) Polar transport of auxin across gravistimulated roots of maize and its
enhancement by calcium. Plant Physiol 77:824–827
Lee JS, Mulkey TJ, Evans ML (1983a) Gravity-induced polar transport of calcium across root tips
of maize. Plant Physiol 73:874–876. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.73.4.874
Lee JS, Mulkey TJ, Evans ML (1983b) Reversible loss of gravitropic sensitivity in maize roots after
tip application of calcium chelators. Science 220:1375–1376
Leitz G, Kang B-H, Schoenwaelder MEA, Staehelin LA (2009) Statolith sedimentation kinetics and
force transduction to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in gravity-sensing Arabidopsis columella cells. Plant Cell Online 21:843–860. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.065052
Mei Y, Jia WJ, Chu YJ, Xue HW (2012) Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol monophosphate
5-kinase 2 is involved in root gravitropism through regulation of polar auxin transport by
affecting the cycling of PIN proteins. Cell Res 22:581–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.150
Meldolesi J, Pozzan T (1998) The endoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+ store: a view from the lumen. Trends
Biochem Sci 23:10–14
Michniewicz M, Zago MK, Abas L et al (2007) Antagonistic regulation of PIN phosphorylation by
PP2A and PINOID directs auxin flux. Cell 130:1044–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.
07.033
90
6 Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Cellular Aspects