34. Mako T, Marks P, Cook N, Levine M (2012) Fluorescent detection of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in ternary cyclodextrin complexes. Supramol Chem 24:743–747
35. Serio N, Miller K, Levine M (2013) Efficient detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and polychlorinated biphenyls via three-component energy transfer. Chem Commun
49:4821–4823
36. Heinz T, Rudkevich DM, Rebek Jr J (1998) Pairwise selection of guests in a cylindrical
molecular capsule of nanometer dimensions. Nature 394:764–766
37. Heinz T, Rudkevich DM, Rebek Jr J (1999) Molecular recognition within a self-assembled
cylindrical host. Angew Chem Int Ed 38:1136–1139
38. Debler EW, Kaufmann GF, Meijler MM, Heine A, Mee JM, Pljevaljcic G, Di Bilio AJ,
Schultz PG, Millar DP, Janda KD, Wilson IA, Gray HB, Lerner RA (2008) Deeply inverted
electron-hole recombination in a luminescent antibody-stilbene complex. Science
319:1232–1235
39. Armitage BA, Berget PB (2008) An enlightening structure-function relationship. Science
319:1195–1196
40. Matsushita M, Meijler MM, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (2005) A blue fluorescent
antibody-cofactor sensor for mercury. Org Lett 7:4943–4946
41. Ams MR, Ajami D, Craig SL, Yang JS, Rebek J (2009) Control of stilbene conformation and
fluorescence in self-assembled capsules. Beilstein J Org Chem 5:79
42. Itoh T (2012) Fluorescence and phosphorescence from higher excited states of organic
molecules. Chem Rev 112:4541–4568
43. Mohan Raj A, Sharma G, Prabhakar R, Ramamurthy V (2019) Room-temperature phosphorescence from encapsulated pyrene induced by xenon. J Phys Chem A 123:9123–9131
44. Kalyanasundaram K, Thomas JK (1977) Environmental effects on vibronic band intensities in
pyrene monomer fluorescence and their application in studies of micellar systems. J Am Chem
Soc 99:2039–2044
45. Dong DC, Winnik MA (1984) The Py scale of solvent polarities. Can J Chem 62:2560–2565
46. Koziar JC, Cowan DO (1978) Photochemical heavy-atom effects. Acc Chem Res 11:334–341
47. Easley CJ, Mettry M, Moses EM, Hooley RJ, Bardeen CJ (2018) Boosting the heavy atom
effect by cavitand encapsulation: room temperature phosphorescence of pyrene in the presence
of oxygen. J Phys Chem A 122:6578–6584
48. Montes-Navajas P, Teruel L, Corma A, Garcia H (2008) Specific binding effects for cucurbit
[8]uril in 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium-cucurbit[8]uril host-guest complexes: observation of roomtemperature phosphorescence and their application in electroluminescence. Chem Eur J
14:1762–1768
49. Steer RP, Ramamurthy V (1988) Photophysics and intramolecular photochemistry of thiones
in solution. Acc Chem Res 21:380–386
50. Rao VP (1992) The photoreactivity of thiocarbonyl compounds. Sulfur Rep 12:359–403
51. Maciejewski A, Steer RP (1993) The photophysics, physical photochemistry, and related
spectroscopy of thiocarbonyls. Chem Rev 93:67–98
52. Rajee R, Ramamurthy V (1979) Energy wastage in organic photochemistry: self-quenching in
thiones. J Photochem 11:135–138
53. Maciejewski A (1988) The role of T1 self-quenching in photochemical decay of aromatic
thiones. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 43:303–312
54. Ramesh V, Ramamurthy V (1982) Inhibition of self-quenching in thioketones by micellar
compartmentalization. J Photochem 20:47–52
55. Ramesh V, Ramnath N, Ramamurthy V (1982) Efficiency of singlet oxygen production by
thiocarbonyls. J Photochem 18:293–299
56. Jayaraj N, Maddipatla MV, Prabhakar R, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Ramamurthy V (2010) Closed
nanocontainer enables thioketones to phosphoresce at room temperature in aqueous solution. J
Phys Chem B 114:14320–14328
366
M. Pattabiraman and A. Natarajan
hydrocarbons in ternary cyclodextrin complexes. Supramol Chem 24:743–747
35. Serio N, Miller K, Levine M (2013) Efficient detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and polychlorinated biphenyls via three-component energy transfer. Chem Commun
49:4821–4823
36. Heinz T, Rudkevich DM, Rebek Jr J (1998) Pairwise selection of guests in a cylindrical
molecular capsule of nanometer dimensions. Nature 394:764–766
37. Heinz T, Rudkevich DM, Rebek Jr J (1999) Molecular recognition within a self-assembled
cylindrical host. Angew Chem Int Ed 38:1136–1139
38. Debler EW, Kaufmann GF, Meijler MM, Heine A, Mee JM, Pljevaljcic G, Di Bilio AJ,
Schultz PG, Millar DP, Janda KD, Wilson IA, Gray HB, Lerner RA (2008) Deeply inverted
electron-hole recombination in a luminescent antibody-stilbene complex. Science
319:1232–1235
39. Armitage BA, Berget PB (2008) An enlightening structure-function relationship. Science
319:1195–1196
40. Matsushita M, Meijler MM, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (2005) A blue fluorescent
antibody-cofactor sensor for mercury. Org Lett 7:4943–4946
41. Ams MR, Ajami D, Craig SL, Yang JS, Rebek J (2009) Control of stilbene conformation and
fluorescence in self-assembled capsules. Beilstein J Org Chem 5:79
42. Itoh T (2012) Fluorescence and phosphorescence from higher excited states of organic
molecules. Chem Rev 112:4541–4568
43. Mohan Raj A, Sharma G, Prabhakar R, Ramamurthy V (2019) Room-temperature phosphorescence from encapsulated pyrene induced by xenon. J Phys Chem A 123:9123–9131
44. Kalyanasundaram K, Thomas JK (1977) Environmental effects on vibronic band intensities in
pyrene monomer fluorescence and their application in studies of micellar systems. J Am Chem
Soc 99:2039–2044
45. Dong DC, Winnik MA (1984) The Py scale of solvent polarities. Can J Chem 62:2560–2565
46. Koziar JC, Cowan DO (1978) Photochemical heavy-atom effects. Acc Chem Res 11:334–341
47. Easley CJ, Mettry M, Moses EM, Hooley RJ, Bardeen CJ (2018) Boosting the heavy atom
effect by cavitand encapsulation: room temperature phosphorescence of pyrene in the presence
of oxygen. J Phys Chem A 122:6578–6584
48. Montes-Navajas P, Teruel L, Corma A, Garcia H (2008) Specific binding effects for cucurbit
[8]uril in 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium-cucurbit[8]uril host-guest complexes: observation of roomtemperature phosphorescence and their application in electroluminescence. Chem Eur J
14:1762–1768
49. Steer RP, Ramamurthy V (1988) Photophysics and intramolecular photochemistry of thiones
in solution. Acc Chem Res 21:380–386
50. Rao VP (1992) The photoreactivity of thiocarbonyl compounds. Sulfur Rep 12:359–403
51. Maciejewski A, Steer RP (1993) The photophysics, physical photochemistry, and related
spectroscopy of thiocarbonyls. Chem Rev 93:67–98
52. Rajee R, Ramamurthy V (1979) Energy wastage in organic photochemistry: self-quenching in
thiones. J Photochem 11:135–138
53. Maciejewski A (1988) The role of T1 self-quenching in photochemical decay of aromatic
thiones. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 43:303–312
54. Ramesh V, Ramamurthy V (1982) Inhibition of self-quenching in thioketones by micellar
compartmentalization. J Photochem 20:47–52
55. Ramesh V, Ramnath N, Ramamurthy V (1982) Efficiency of singlet oxygen production by
thiocarbonyls. J Photochem 18:293–299
56. Jayaraj N, Maddipatla MV, Prabhakar R, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Ramamurthy V (2010) Closed
nanocontainer enables thioketones to phosphoresce at room temperature in aqueous solution. J
Phys Chem B 114:14320–14328
366
M. Pattabiraman and A. Natarajan