single type of dye. Many organic dyes exhibit a small Stokes shift, which is a
drawback for some applications. Using energy transfer systems, a large pseudoStokes shift can be achieved, and the photoactivation can be performed at a spectral
range significantly different from that of the expected emission [124]. Templates
based on layered nanoparticles can be very useful for the construction of such
systems. There are still many opportunities to develop novel layered nanoparticle
hybrid materials. One example is utilizing or including the transfer of plasmon
energy. Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have larger absorption cross sections than
organic chromophores. The efficiency of energy transfer decreases more slowly with
increasing distance between the nanoparticle and EA molecules than in FRET.
Another advantage is the possibility of using an excitation wavelength longer than
that of the absorption peak of the EA. The Stokes shift that is known to occur with
molecular luminophores does not occur in plasmonics. The radiative deactivation
from plasmonics via light scattering occurs earlier than non-radiative relaxation, and
the wavelength profile of the emitted light is almost identical to that of the absorption
cross section. Plasmon energy transfer does not consider meeting the conditions
required by FRET, but is strongly dependent on the electronic properties of
plasmons. This phenomenon can be used in photoelectrochemical cells,
photocatalysis, and photovoltaics [125]. Other possibilities include other
photophysical and photochemical phenomena such as chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and triboluminescence. The energy transfer can find new applications in
photosensitization, in photocatalysis, and in searching for new photosensors and in
the construction of smart and multifunctional materials.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency
under contract No. APVV-15-0347, APVV-15-0741, and APVV-18-0075. Support from the
VEGA grant agency (1/0227/20) is also gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. Calzaferri G (2010) Artificial photosynthesis. Top Catal 53(3-4):130–140. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11244-009-9424-9
2. Calzaferri G (2008) Energy transfer in nanochannels. Nuovo Cimento Soc Ital Fis B 123
(10–11):1337–1367. https://doi.org/10.1393/ncb/i2008-10721-5
3. Gartzia-Rivero L, Bañuelos J, López-Arbeloa I (2017) Photoactive nanomaterials inspired by
nature: LTL zeolite doped with laser dyes as artificial light harvesting systems. Materials 10
(5):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050495
4. Yuan L, Lin W, Zheng K, Zhu S (2013) FRET-based small-molecule fluorescent probes:
rational design and bioimaging applications. Acc Chem Res 46(7):1462–1473. https://doi.org/
10.1021/ar300273v
5. Bujdák J (2018) The effects of layered nanoparticles and their properties on the molecular
aggregation of organic dyes. J Photochem Photobiol C 35:108–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochemrev.2018.03.001
6. Bujdák J (2017) Hybrids with photoactive dyes. In: Nakato T, Kawamata J, Takagi S (eds)
Inorganic nanosheets and nanosheet-based materials: fundamentals and applications of
two-dimensional systems. Springer, Tokyo
Resonance Energy Transfer in Hybrid Systems of Photoactive Dye Molecules and. . .
243
drawback for some applications. Using energy transfer systems, a large pseudoStokes shift can be achieved, and the photoactivation can be performed at a spectral
range significantly different from that of the expected emission [124]. Templates
based on layered nanoparticles can be very useful for the construction of such
systems. There are still many opportunities to develop novel layered nanoparticle
hybrid materials. One example is utilizing or including the transfer of plasmon
energy. Plasmonic metal nanoparticles have larger absorption cross sections than
organic chromophores. The efficiency of energy transfer decreases more slowly with
increasing distance between the nanoparticle and EA molecules than in FRET.
Another advantage is the possibility of using an excitation wavelength longer than
that of the absorption peak of the EA. The Stokes shift that is known to occur with
molecular luminophores does not occur in plasmonics. The radiative deactivation
from plasmonics via light scattering occurs earlier than non-radiative relaxation, and
the wavelength profile of the emitted light is almost identical to that of the absorption
cross section. Plasmon energy transfer does not consider meeting the conditions
required by FRET, but is strongly dependent on the electronic properties of
plasmons. This phenomenon can be used in photoelectrochemical cells,
photocatalysis, and photovoltaics [125]. Other possibilities include other
photophysical and photochemical phenomena such as chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and triboluminescence. The energy transfer can find new applications in
photosensitization, in photocatalysis, and in searching for new photosensors and in
the construction of smart and multifunctional materials.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency
under contract No. APVV-15-0347, APVV-15-0741, and APVV-18-0075. Support from the
VEGA grant agency (1/0227/20) is also gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. Calzaferri G (2010) Artificial photosynthesis. Top Catal 53(3-4):130–140. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11244-009-9424-9
2. Calzaferri G (2008) Energy transfer in nanochannels. Nuovo Cimento Soc Ital Fis B 123
(10–11):1337–1367. https://doi.org/10.1393/ncb/i2008-10721-5
3. Gartzia-Rivero L, Bañuelos J, López-Arbeloa I (2017) Photoactive nanomaterials inspired by
nature: LTL zeolite doped with laser dyes as artificial light harvesting systems. Materials 10
(5):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050495
4. Yuan L, Lin W, Zheng K, Zhu S (2013) FRET-based small-molecule fluorescent probes:
rational design and bioimaging applications. Acc Chem Res 46(7):1462–1473. https://doi.org/
10.1021/ar300273v
5. Bujdák J (2018) The effects of layered nanoparticles and their properties on the molecular
aggregation of organic dyes. J Photochem Photobiol C 35:108–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochemrev.2018.03.001
6. Bujdák J (2017) Hybrids with photoactive dyes. In: Nakato T, Kawamata J, Takagi S (eds)
Inorganic nanosheets and nanosheet-based materials: fundamentals and applications of
two-dimensional systems. Springer, Tokyo
Resonance Energy Transfer in Hybrid Systems of Photoactive Dye Molecules and. . .
243