in polar solvents, easy combination with polar and charged nanoparticles, and the
successful synthesis of hybrid systems. The ionic character of the components
allows the preparation of a broad range of types of materials. Here, it is important
to mention layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies as a type of supramolecular systems,
whose preparation is primarily based on the electrostatic interaction between components. Quite a lot of papers have been published related to systems based on ionic
dyes and layered inorganics in which FRET was observed. Due to the ease of
preparation of these hybrid systems, the distribution of ED and EA molecules was
controlled by the concentrations of the individual components used in the preparation of these materials. Some examples of the numerous papers on FRET using
layered inorganic templates are summarized in Table 2.
The organization of ED and EA ions is controlled by the adsorption promoted by
ion exchange at the surface of the particles of inorganic hosts. The distribution of the
dye ions is controlled by their local concentration, which is analyzed in detail in Sect.
4.2.3. In some cases, the combination of a pair of dyes of opposite charge has been
successfully applied and their interaction proved by FRET [46, 47]. For example, an
efficient FRET proved that both of the dyes RB and anionic dye fluorescein were
co-adsorbed onto negatively charged particles of zirconium phosphate [46]. The
binding of the fluorescein molecules forming anions could be due to the presence of
Table 2 Energy transfer occurring in hybrids based on layered compounds and electrostatically
bound ionic dyes
Reference
Layered compound
ED/EA + other information
[11]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, distribution modeling
[25]
LDH
Anionic indigo molecules
[27]
Sap
LB films, surfactants with fluorophores
[28]
Sap
R3B/Ox4, colloids
[29]
LDH
Anionic porphyrin and pyrene derivatives
[30]
Montmorillonite
Effect of layer charge
[31]
Sap
R6G/RB, colloids/films
[32]
Lap
Surfactants with luminophoric groups, LB films
[33]
Lap
Surfactants with luminophoric groups, LB films
[34]
Sap
Cationic porphyrins
[35]
Sap
Three dyes, two-step FRET
[36]
Sap
Cationic porphyrins
[37]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, ion sensing
[38]
Sap
Porphyrin dyes
[39]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, LbL films
[40]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, LbL assemblies
[41]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, ion sensing
[42]
Sap
Ir(III) complexes, LbL films
[43]
Sap
Porphyrins, orientation factor
[44]
Sap
Various dyes, cascade FRET, films
[45]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, solid films
Resonance Energy Transfer in Hybrid Systems of Photoactive Dye Molecules and. . .
217
successful synthesis of hybrid systems. The ionic character of the components
allows the preparation of a broad range of types of materials. Here, it is important
to mention layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies as a type of supramolecular systems,
whose preparation is primarily based on the electrostatic interaction between components. Quite a lot of papers have been published related to systems based on ionic
dyes and layered inorganics in which FRET was observed. Due to the ease of
preparation of these hybrid systems, the distribution of ED and EA molecules was
controlled by the concentrations of the individual components used in the preparation of these materials. Some examples of the numerous papers on FRET using
layered inorganic templates are summarized in Table 2.
The organization of ED and EA ions is controlled by the adsorption promoted by
ion exchange at the surface of the particles of inorganic hosts. The distribution of the
dye ions is controlled by their local concentration, which is analyzed in detail in Sect.
4.2.3. In some cases, the combination of a pair of dyes of opposite charge has been
successfully applied and their interaction proved by FRET [46, 47]. For example, an
efficient FRET proved that both of the dyes RB and anionic dye fluorescein were
co-adsorbed onto negatively charged particles of zirconium phosphate [46]. The
binding of the fluorescein molecules forming anions could be due to the presence of
Table 2 Energy transfer occurring in hybrids based on layered compounds and electrostatically
bound ionic dyes
Reference
Layered compound
ED/EA + other information
[11]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, distribution modeling
[25]
LDH
Anionic indigo molecules
[27]
Sap
LB films, surfactants with fluorophores
[28]
Sap
R3B/Ox4, colloids
[29]
LDH
Anionic porphyrin and pyrene derivatives
[30]
Montmorillonite
Effect of layer charge
[31]
Sap
R6G/RB, colloids/films
[32]
Lap
Surfactants with luminophoric groups, LB films
[33]
Lap
Surfactants with luminophoric groups, LB films
[34]
Sap
Cationic porphyrins
[35]
Sap
Three dyes, two-step FRET
[36]
Sap
Cationic porphyrins
[37]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, ion sensing
[38]
Sap
Porphyrin dyes
[39]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, LbL films
[40]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, LbL assemblies
[41]
Lap
Acriflavine/RB, colloids, ion sensing
[42]
Sap
Ir(III) complexes, LbL films
[43]
Sap
Porphyrins, orientation factor
[44]
Sap
Various dyes, cascade FRET, films
[45]
Sap
R6G/Ox4, solid films
Resonance Energy Transfer in Hybrid Systems of Photoactive Dye Molecules and. . .
217