metals, and (4) phytostabilization, which reduces mobility of toxic substances in the
soils, as in the case of mine tailings. Plants that are relatively tolerant of environmental pollutants often remain small in the presence of contaminants and remove
only small amounts per plant. In order to obtain a more efficient degradation of
organic compounds and pollutants, plants must rely on their associated microorganisms (Pilon-Smits and Freeman 2006). Therefore, inoculation with plant growth–
promoting bacteria (PGPB), which have the property of remediation, has been found
to stimulate plant growth, especially under stressful conditions. Growing plant
biomass to microbial inoculants makes phytoremediation a faster and more efficient
process (Glick 2003).
Phytoremediation technique involves the cultivation of pesticide/metal-tolerant
plants having pesticide/metal accumulating ability to remediate the contaminated
area. These plants can accumulate, absorb, and detoxify chemicals from the site
through their metabolic processes. Suresh et al. (2005) reported that Cichorium
intybus and Brassica juncea plants are effective in degradation of DDT and
triazophos (Cheng et al. 2007), chlorpyrifos (Prasertsup and Ariyakanon 2011;
Romeh and Hendawi 2013), methyl parathion (Khan et al. 2011), and atrazine
(Wang et al. 2012). Aquatic plants such as Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor,
and Elodea canadensis have been used in water treatment due to high photosynthesis, high growth rate, easy harvesting, and high pollutant absorption rates (Syuhaida
et al. 2014). Pesticide uptake and phytodegradation of pesticides by Eichhornia
crassipes in water resources can be used as a potential, economical, and alternative
biological method (Xia and Ma 2006). However, the removal efficiency of
E. crassipes and P. strateotes for pyrethroids has been observed significantly higher
as compared to organochlorine (Riaz et al. 2017).
Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza were found to remove dimethomorph until
its concentration is highly toxic and inhibit depuration mechanisms (Dosnon-Olette
et al. 2010). Lemna minor has also been reported to decontaminate organic metal
such as heavy metal and pesticides by rhizofiltration (Sasmaz et al. 2017). Acorus
gramineus showed the ability to absorb many OP and OC pesticides (diazinon,
fenitrothion, malathion, parathion, dieldrin, HCB) and remove them from aquatic
ecosystems (Chuluun et al. 2009). Plantago major was found to absorb cyanophos
(Romeh 2014). Acorus calamus has been reported to exhibit great phytoremediation
potential in terms of biomass growth and atrazine removal (Roman et al. 2012).
Azolla caroliniana and Lemna gibba have also been reported to remove atrazine
from the water (Guimarães et al. 2011). Five macrophyte species, namely L. minor,
S. polyrhiza, C. aquatica, C. palustris, and E. canadensis, removed two fungicides
dimethomorph and pyrimethanil from water, and two species L. minor and
S. polyrhiza showed the highest efficiency in removal of fungicides (Dosnon-Olette
et al. 2009).
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
45
soils, as in the case of mine tailings. Plants that are relatively tolerant of environmental pollutants often remain small in the presence of contaminants and remove
only small amounts per plant. In order to obtain a more efficient degradation of
organic compounds and pollutants, plants must rely on their associated microorganisms (Pilon-Smits and Freeman 2006). Therefore, inoculation with plant growth–
promoting bacteria (PGPB), which have the property of remediation, has been found
to stimulate plant growth, especially under stressful conditions. Growing plant
biomass to microbial inoculants makes phytoremediation a faster and more efficient
process (Glick 2003).
Phytoremediation technique involves the cultivation of pesticide/metal-tolerant
plants having pesticide/metal accumulating ability to remediate the contaminated
area. These plants can accumulate, absorb, and detoxify chemicals from the site
through their metabolic processes. Suresh et al. (2005) reported that Cichorium
intybus and Brassica juncea plants are effective in degradation of DDT and
triazophos (Cheng et al. 2007), chlorpyrifos (Prasertsup and Ariyakanon 2011;
Romeh and Hendawi 2013), methyl parathion (Khan et al. 2011), and atrazine
(Wang et al. 2012). Aquatic plants such as Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor,
and Elodea canadensis have been used in water treatment due to high photosynthesis, high growth rate, easy harvesting, and high pollutant absorption rates (Syuhaida
et al. 2014). Pesticide uptake and phytodegradation of pesticides by Eichhornia
crassipes in water resources can be used as a potential, economical, and alternative
biological method (Xia and Ma 2006). However, the removal efficiency of
E. crassipes and P. strateotes for pyrethroids has been observed significantly higher
as compared to organochlorine (Riaz et al. 2017).
Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza were found to remove dimethomorph until
its concentration is highly toxic and inhibit depuration mechanisms (Dosnon-Olette
et al. 2010). Lemna minor has also been reported to decontaminate organic metal
such as heavy metal and pesticides by rhizofiltration (Sasmaz et al. 2017). Acorus
gramineus showed the ability to absorb many OP and OC pesticides (diazinon,
fenitrothion, malathion, parathion, dieldrin, HCB) and remove them from aquatic
ecosystems (Chuluun et al. 2009). Plantago major was found to absorb cyanophos
(Romeh 2014). Acorus calamus has been reported to exhibit great phytoremediation
potential in terms of biomass growth and atrazine removal (Roman et al. 2012).
Azolla caroliniana and Lemna gibba have also been reported to remove atrazine
from the water (Guimarães et al. 2011). Five macrophyte species, namely L. minor,
S. polyrhiza, C. aquatica, C. palustris, and E. canadensis, removed two fungicides
dimethomorph and pyrimethanil from water, and two species L. minor and
S. polyrhiza showed the highest efficiency in removal of fungicides (Dosnon-Olette
et al. 2009).
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
45