spp. degraded toxic chlorpyrifos into non-toxic products and increased the microbial
growth along with the improved dehydrogenase activity (John et al. 2018). Diverse
species of Pseudomonas including P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri,
P. nitroreducens, and P. fluorescens isolated from agricultural soils significantly
degraded the chlorpyrifos (Bhagobaty and Malik 2008; Maya et al. 2011; Sasikala
et al. 2012). Similarly, Bacillus aryabhattai effectively degraded parathion as well as
chlorpyrifos at optimal concentrations of 200 mg mL
À1 (Pailan et al. 2015). Abraham and Silambarasan (2016) studied the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its
by-product TCP by a novel bacterium Ochrobactrum spp. JAS2 isolated from the
rice rhizosphere soil. The mpd gene responsible for the production of organophosphorus hydrolase was identified in Ochrobactrum spp. JAS2 (Abraham and
Silambarasan 2016). The engineered Pseudomonas putida MB285 was capable of
completely mineralizing chlorpyrifos by direct biodegradation, and two intermediates, namely TCP and diethyl phosphate, appeared in the culture medium (Liu et al.
2016a). Rayu et al. (2017) isolated species of Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, and
Rhizobium from sugarcane farm soils, which showed complete mineralization of
chlorpyrifos (10 mg L
À1 ).
Nair et al. (2015) isolated 12 different bacterial species capable of growing on
quinalphos and three isolates, namely Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, efficiently degraded quinalphos. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
2-hydroxyquinoxaline and phosphorothioic acid were accumulated during
quinalphos degradation (Nair et al. 2015). Gangireddygari et al. (2017) studied the
effect of environmental factors on quinalphos depletion in Bacillus thuringiensis.
The highest quinalphos degradation was achieved by using an inoculum of 1.0
optical density (OD) with an optimum pH (6.5–7.5) and an incubation temperature
of 35–37
C. Furthermore, the addition of yeast extracts improved quinalphos
degradation rate to some extent. Archana et al. (2018) isolated Bacillus cereus and
Asaccharospora irregularis isolates from contaminated soil from pesticides that
effectively degraded pendimethalin contaminated environment. Meng et al. (2019)
found that an alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain YP6 may
cause biodegradation of five broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides.
Profenofos was degraded by bacterial strains including Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, P. putida, Burkholderia gladioli (Malghani et al. 2009a, b), Bacillus
subtilis (Salunkhe et al. 2013), and Stenotrophomonas spp. G1 (Deng et al. 2015).
4-Bromo-2-chlorophenol was identified as a major intermediate during profenofos
catabolism, providing a sensitive and accurate biomarker of profenofos degradation
(Dadson et al. 2013). Talwar and Ninnekar (2015) studied profenofos degradation by
free- and immobilized cells of Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis strain HNM isolated
from pesticide-contaminated soil samples by enrichment technique in sodium
alginate-polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate-bentonite clay matrices. Sodium
alginate-bentonite clay immobilized cells showed enhanced degradation rate of
profenofos than freely suspended cells and other matrices (Talwar and Ninnekar
2015). Abdullah et al. (2016) reported that Pseudomonas putida isolate DB17
showed maximum potential for profenofos degradation.
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
39
growth along with the improved dehydrogenase activity (John et al. 2018). Diverse
species of Pseudomonas including P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri,
P. nitroreducens, and P. fluorescens isolated from agricultural soils significantly
degraded the chlorpyrifos (Bhagobaty and Malik 2008; Maya et al. 2011; Sasikala
et al. 2012). Similarly, Bacillus aryabhattai effectively degraded parathion as well as
chlorpyrifos at optimal concentrations of 200 mg mL
À1 (Pailan et al. 2015). Abraham and Silambarasan (2016) studied the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its
by-product TCP by a novel bacterium Ochrobactrum spp. JAS2 isolated from the
rice rhizosphere soil. The mpd gene responsible for the production of organophosphorus hydrolase was identified in Ochrobactrum spp. JAS2 (Abraham and
Silambarasan 2016). The engineered Pseudomonas putida MB285 was capable of
completely mineralizing chlorpyrifos by direct biodegradation, and two intermediates, namely TCP and diethyl phosphate, appeared in the culture medium (Liu et al.
2016a). Rayu et al. (2017) isolated species of Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, and
Rhizobium from sugarcane farm soils, which showed complete mineralization of
chlorpyrifos (10 mg L
À1 ).
Nair et al. (2015) isolated 12 different bacterial species capable of growing on
quinalphos and three isolates, namely Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, efficiently degraded quinalphos. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
2-hydroxyquinoxaline and phosphorothioic acid were accumulated during
quinalphos degradation (Nair et al. 2015). Gangireddygari et al. (2017) studied the
effect of environmental factors on quinalphos depletion in Bacillus thuringiensis.
The highest quinalphos degradation was achieved by using an inoculum of 1.0
optical density (OD) with an optimum pH (6.5–7.5) and an incubation temperature
of 35–37
C. Furthermore, the addition of yeast extracts improved quinalphos
degradation rate to some extent. Archana et al. (2018) isolated Bacillus cereus and
Asaccharospora irregularis isolates from contaminated soil from pesticides that
effectively degraded pendimethalin contaminated environment. Meng et al. (2019)
found that an alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain YP6 may
cause biodegradation of five broad-spectrum organophosphorus pesticides.
Profenofos was degraded by bacterial strains including Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, P. putida, Burkholderia gladioli (Malghani et al. 2009a, b), Bacillus
subtilis (Salunkhe et al. 2013), and Stenotrophomonas spp. G1 (Deng et al. 2015).
4-Bromo-2-chlorophenol was identified as a major intermediate during profenofos
catabolism, providing a sensitive and accurate biomarker of profenofos degradation
(Dadson et al. 2013). Talwar and Ninnekar (2015) studied profenofos degradation by
free- and immobilized cells of Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis strain HNM isolated
from pesticide-contaminated soil samples by enrichment technique in sodium
alginate-polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate-bentonite clay matrices. Sodium
alginate-bentonite clay immobilized cells showed enhanced degradation rate of
profenofos than freely suspended cells and other matrices (Talwar and Ninnekar
2015). Abdullah et al. (2016) reported that Pseudomonas putida isolate DB17
showed maximum potential for profenofos degradation.
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
39