brain and kidney of rat. Recently, Jegede et al. (2017) reported that changes in
temperature affect the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to soil microarthropods. Humans
exposed to methyl parathion have reported headaches, nausea, insomnia, diarrhea,
dizziness, shortness of breath, dizziness, abdominal cramps, excessive sweating, and
mental confusion (Rubin et al. 2002). Toxicity of methyl parathion is associated with
disruption of acetylcholine esterase in mammals, especially in humans and pests
leading to serious health problems (Liu et al. 2016b). Abhijith et al. (2016) reported
that an acute and mild dose of methyl parathion induces significant variations in the
enzymatic profiles of Catla.
Quinalphos is another pesticide that affects acetylcholine esterase resistance and
is also present on the stomach and respiratory system (Yashwanth et al. 2016).
Debnath and Mandal (2000) reported that quinalphos is an environmental
xenoestrogenic insecticide that obstructs with the expression of sex hormones and
lead to abnormalities in mammals. Furthermore, quinalphos is toxic in female
reproduction in certain concentrations (Khera et al. 2016). The presence of
profenofos residues in the soil causes a high environmental risk as it adversely
affects the ecosystem (He et al. 2010; Fosu-Mensah et al. 2016). The presence of
profenofos and its intermediate (4-bromo-2-chlorophenol) in human plasma and
urine has been reported (Gotoh et al. 2001). Profenosios is highly toxic to fish and
invertebrates (Talwar and Ninnekar 2015). Furthermore, samples of metaphase
plates treated with dosages of profenofos showed satellite links, chromatid interruptions, and gaps, and the effect of profenofos on chromosomes was demonstrated
(Kushwaha et al. 2016).
2.3.4 Effect of Pesticides on Natural Biodiversity
Depending on the type of pesticide and the dosage recommended for field application, pesticides may have a temporary effect on microbial and enzyme activity. The
changes in number, function, and diversity of soil microorganisms serve as indicators of soil fertility and reflect soil quality (Sharma et al. 2018; Dahiya et al. 2019a).
Ataikiru et al. (2019) investigated the effect of pesticides on soil biochemical
properties on some soils and observed variations in the different enzyme activities
of soils treated with carbofuran and paraquat. Increased dehydrogenase activity in
pesticide-treated soils was recorded. Urease activity was lower than other enzyme
activities. Differences in the organic carbon values of the soil were also observed.
The number of microorganisms gradually increased with the temporary mineralization of pesticides and their ability to utilize carbon as energy sources. The population
of Azotobacter was affected by many factors in the soil, and these factors consisted
high consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers that are usually used to
control pests and diseases in agricultural crops.
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
31
temperature affect the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to soil microarthropods. Humans
exposed to methyl parathion have reported headaches, nausea, insomnia, diarrhea,
dizziness, shortness of breath, dizziness, abdominal cramps, excessive sweating, and
mental confusion (Rubin et al. 2002). Toxicity of methyl parathion is associated with
disruption of acetylcholine esterase in mammals, especially in humans and pests
leading to serious health problems (Liu et al. 2016b). Abhijith et al. (2016) reported
that an acute and mild dose of methyl parathion induces significant variations in the
enzymatic profiles of Catla.
Quinalphos is another pesticide that affects acetylcholine esterase resistance and
is also present on the stomach and respiratory system (Yashwanth et al. 2016).
Debnath and Mandal (2000) reported that quinalphos is an environmental
xenoestrogenic insecticide that obstructs with the expression of sex hormones and
lead to abnormalities in mammals. Furthermore, quinalphos is toxic in female
reproduction in certain concentrations (Khera et al. 2016). The presence of
profenofos residues in the soil causes a high environmental risk as it adversely
affects the ecosystem (He et al. 2010; Fosu-Mensah et al. 2016). The presence of
profenofos and its intermediate (4-bromo-2-chlorophenol) in human plasma and
urine has been reported (Gotoh et al. 2001). Profenosios is highly toxic to fish and
invertebrates (Talwar and Ninnekar 2015). Furthermore, samples of metaphase
plates treated with dosages of profenofos showed satellite links, chromatid interruptions, and gaps, and the effect of profenofos on chromosomes was demonstrated
(Kushwaha et al. 2016).
2.3.4 Effect of Pesticides on Natural Biodiversity
Depending on the type of pesticide and the dosage recommended for field application, pesticides may have a temporary effect on microbial and enzyme activity. The
changes in number, function, and diversity of soil microorganisms serve as indicators of soil fertility and reflect soil quality (Sharma et al. 2018; Dahiya et al. 2019a).
Ataikiru et al. (2019) investigated the effect of pesticides on soil biochemical
properties on some soils and observed variations in the different enzyme activities
of soils treated with carbofuran and paraquat. Increased dehydrogenase activity in
pesticide-treated soils was recorded. Urease activity was lower than other enzyme
activities. Differences in the organic carbon values of the soil were also observed.
The number of microorganisms gradually increased with the temporary mineralization of pesticides and their ability to utilize carbon as energy sources. The population
of Azotobacter was affected by many factors in the soil, and these factors consisted
high consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers that are usually used to
control pests and diseases in agricultural crops.
2 Bioremediation of Pesticides: An Eco-Friendly Approach for Environment. . .
31