15.2 Techniques Used for Bioaugmentation of Soil
and Water with Specific Examples
Microorganisms naturally degrade waste materials or hazardous materials into
usable form(s). In some cases, the process (bioremediation/biodegradation) might
be less efficient and very slow. The addition of microbial or archaea cultures which
are needed to enhance the rate of degradation of pollutants in a bioremediation
process is called bioaugmentation (biological remediation). Bioaugmentation is
usually employed in waste management to resurrect the activated slurry
bio-reactor machine (ASBM). Microbes (fungi, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans,
and bacteria) which are proficient in the ASBM degradation of wastes aid in the
degradation of wastes to a non-toxic usable forms. These organisms are usually
under studied in order to ascertain if they have the potential to catalyze a bioremediation reaction. If the native strains do not have the potential to speed/breakdown/
bioaugment a bioremediation process effectively, an exogenous assortment with a
more enhance capability is introduced in order to biostimulate the entire process.
Bioredegradation has been identified as a cheaper, ecofriendly solution for the
bioremediation of polluted environment using microorganisms. Maruthi et al. (2013)
perform an experiment to establish the role of fungal isolates in the biodegradation of
organic compounds present in polluted soil with diesel and petrol. The result of
the preliminary screening led to the isolation of two fungal strains that possess the
capability to biodegrade total organic carbons from the oil-polluted sites. The
experiment was performed inside an Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions. It
was discovered that the total organic carbons vary from 0.7 to 32% depending on the
concentration and the strain types. It was discovered that Aspergillus niger and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium had the highest total organic carbons with 21% and
32% respectively before amending with nutrient. The level of total organic carbons
was decreased after the media was amended through the addition of sulfur, nitrogen,
and phosphorus most especially by Phanerochaete chrysosporium strains. The study
showed that Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium possess the capability to liberate more CO 2 and biodegrade the substrate hydrocarbon present in the
polluted oil sites, and they could be used in the waste recycling process.
Ferraro et al. (2019) evaluated the application of an anaerobic bioremediation
treatment for the recuperation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of
polluted soil. The PAH-polluted sol was artificially primed, and seven various
pollution conditions were evaluated. The soils were polluted with benzo[a]pyrene
(D), naphthalene (A), pyrene (C), and anthracene (B) while the other treatments
contained other experimented such as PAHs (i.e., A + D, B + D, and C + D tests).
The experiment was carried out in order to validate the effect of degradation kinetic
for the single entailed in single PAH which varies from aromatic rings ranging from
2 to 5 as well as establish the influence of adding PAHs together with a 5-aromatic
ring contaminant (i.e., benzo[a]pyrene). The assay was performed in a bioaugmented
condition using two microbial inoculant derived from anaerobic digestion tests on
lignocellulosic substrate. The result obtained showed that the two inoculants varied
376
C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani
and Water with Specific Examples
Microorganisms naturally degrade waste materials or hazardous materials into
usable form(s). In some cases, the process (bioremediation/biodegradation) might
be less efficient and very slow. The addition of microbial or archaea cultures which
are needed to enhance the rate of degradation of pollutants in a bioremediation
process is called bioaugmentation (biological remediation). Bioaugmentation is
usually employed in waste management to resurrect the activated slurry
bio-reactor machine (ASBM). Microbes (fungi, rotifers, nematodes, protozoans,
and bacteria) which are proficient in the ASBM degradation of wastes aid in the
degradation of wastes to a non-toxic usable forms. These organisms are usually
under studied in order to ascertain if they have the potential to catalyze a bioremediation reaction. If the native strains do not have the potential to speed/breakdown/
bioaugment a bioremediation process effectively, an exogenous assortment with a
more enhance capability is introduced in order to biostimulate the entire process.
Bioredegradation has been identified as a cheaper, ecofriendly solution for the
bioremediation of polluted environment using microorganisms. Maruthi et al. (2013)
perform an experiment to establish the role of fungal isolates in the biodegradation of
organic compounds present in polluted soil with diesel and petrol. The result of
the preliminary screening led to the isolation of two fungal strains that possess the
capability to biodegrade total organic carbons from the oil-polluted sites. The
experiment was performed inside an Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic conditions. It
was discovered that the total organic carbons vary from 0.7 to 32% depending on the
concentration and the strain types. It was discovered that Aspergillus niger and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium had the highest total organic carbons with 21% and
32% respectively before amending with nutrient. The level of total organic carbons
was decreased after the media was amended through the addition of sulfur, nitrogen,
and phosphorus most especially by Phanerochaete chrysosporium strains. The study
showed that Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium possess the capability to liberate more CO 2 and biodegrade the substrate hydrocarbon present in the
polluted oil sites, and they could be used in the waste recycling process.
Ferraro et al. (2019) evaluated the application of an anaerobic bioremediation
treatment for the recuperation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of
polluted soil. The PAH-polluted sol was artificially primed, and seven various
pollution conditions were evaluated. The soils were polluted with benzo[a]pyrene
(D), naphthalene (A), pyrene (C), and anthracene (B) while the other treatments
contained other experimented such as PAHs (i.e., A + D, B + D, and C + D tests).
The experiment was carried out in order to validate the effect of degradation kinetic
for the single entailed in single PAH which varies from aromatic rings ranging from
2 to 5 as well as establish the influence of adding PAHs together with a 5-aromatic
ring contaminant (i.e., benzo[a]pyrene). The assay was performed in a bioaugmented
condition using two microbial inoculant derived from anaerobic digestion tests on
lignocellulosic substrate. The result obtained showed that the two inoculants varied
376
C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani