mineralization follows. The most efficient bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA9)
has been recounted to have well-enhanced biodegradation potential with low-density
polyethylene (LDPE). While AKS2 strain (Pseudomonas sp.) has been recounted to
degrade and form biofilm on low-density polyethylene by improving the bacterial
development by 31% hydrolytic activity and 26% superficial hydrophobicity.
Psuedomonas stutzeri was recounted for an increase in molecular mass/weight of
polyethylene glycol (PEG) breakdown. Two strains 75Vi2 and 252 (Streptomyces
setonii and Streptomyces badius) were recounted to degrade and colonize polyethylene by making hydrolyzing enzymes and biofilm on it. They stated that the
enhancement of the degradation of polyethylene was via introduction of additives
of peroxidant during the production process. This made it vulnerable to light and
chemical mineralization and in vitro beneficial for polyurethane-polyester breakdown via polyurethane esterase enzymatic hydrolysis and production. The reason for
this was because of the chief gene pudA, programming the enzyme polyurethane
esterase. Aspergillus niger a fungi species produces an enzyme (acetyl xylan esterase) which works in synergy with endo-xylanase for competent breakdown of xylan.
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger have been recounted to be best for the fast
mineralization of average-length monomer chains. While Aspergillus niger has been
known to be more effective in polythene degradation, Aspergillus flavus has been
recounted for both polythene and polycaprolactone (PCL) degradation. In the same
vein, Streptomyces, Aspergillus flavus, and strain NRRL 1835 (Mucor rouxii) have
been reported to be linked with starch founded polyethylene breakdown. The fungal
species Fusarium lini has been reported to be associated with the manufacturing of
an enzyme dehydratase that is involved in the breakdown of polyvinyl alcohol with
water and carbon dioxide formation. The white fungus (Pycnoporus cinnabarinus)
has been associated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) degradation with the manifestation of a chemical agent—Fenton’s reagent. In conclusion, the authors recommend
more studies on the evaluation of effective and new bacterial species in order to
reduce the ecological and health risks associated with plastics in the environment.
Sangale et al. (2019) isolated and tested the biodegradation potential of fungi
sourced from mangrove soil in the degradation of polythene. The authors stated the
wide utilization of plastics, of which polythene had the largest (64%) share. However, there are many approaches been developed to control and reduce the increasing
amount of wastes from plastics of which biodegradation promises to be more
effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable. The polythene degrading fungi (109) was
sourced isolated from the soil-root (rhizosphere soil) of Avicennia marina from
12 zones across the coast of West Indian and screened under pH of 3.5, 7, and 9.5
for 60 days based on the tensile strength and weight of the polythene. The results of
their study indicated that strains PNPF15/TS (Aspergillus sydowii) and MANGF1/
WL (Aspergillus terreus) were the most efficient fungi that degraded the polythene
plastics out of the 109 isolates of fungi in the following rates: 94.44 Æ 2.40% loss in
TS, pH 3.5 and 50.00 Æ 4% WL, pH 9.5, respectively. The results from the scanning
electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the breakdown polythene had cracks such
as disturbances (holes, fissures, and scion) which showed weathering. The result of
the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the various formations
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C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani
has been recounted to have well-enhanced biodegradation potential with low-density
polyethylene (LDPE). While AKS2 strain (Pseudomonas sp.) has been recounted to
degrade and form biofilm on low-density polyethylene by improving the bacterial
development by 31% hydrolytic activity and 26% superficial hydrophobicity.
Psuedomonas stutzeri was recounted for an increase in molecular mass/weight of
polyethylene glycol (PEG) breakdown. Two strains 75Vi2 and 252 (Streptomyces
setonii and Streptomyces badius) were recounted to degrade and colonize polyethylene by making hydrolyzing enzymes and biofilm on it. They stated that the
enhancement of the degradation of polyethylene was via introduction of additives
of peroxidant during the production process. This made it vulnerable to light and
chemical mineralization and in vitro beneficial for polyurethane-polyester breakdown via polyurethane esterase enzymatic hydrolysis and production. The reason for
this was because of the chief gene pudA, programming the enzyme polyurethane
esterase. Aspergillus niger a fungi species produces an enzyme (acetyl xylan esterase) which works in synergy with endo-xylanase for competent breakdown of xylan.
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger have been recounted to be best for the fast
mineralization of average-length monomer chains. While Aspergillus niger has been
known to be more effective in polythene degradation, Aspergillus flavus has been
recounted for both polythene and polycaprolactone (PCL) degradation. In the same
vein, Streptomyces, Aspergillus flavus, and strain NRRL 1835 (Mucor rouxii) have
been reported to be linked with starch founded polyethylene breakdown. The fungal
species Fusarium lini has been reported to be associated with the manufacturing of
an enzyme dehydratase that is involved in the breakdown of polyvinyl alcohol with
water and carbon dioxide formation. The white fungus (Pycnoporus cinnabarinus)
has been associated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) degradation with the manifestation of a chemical agent—Fenton’s reagent. In conclusion, the authors recommend
more studies on the evaluation of effective and new bacterial species in order to
reduce the ecological and health risks associated with plastics in the environment.
Sangale et al. (2019) isolated and tested the biodegradation potential of fungi
sourced from mangrove soil in the degradation of polythene. The authors stated the
wide utilization of plastics, of which polythene had the largest (64%) share. However, there are many approaches been developed to control and reduce the increasing
amount of wastes from plastics of which biodegradation promises to be more
effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable. The polythene degrading fungi (109) was
sourced isolated from the soil-root (rhizosphere soil) of Avicennia marina from
12 zones across the coast of West Indian and screened under pH of 3.5, 7, and 9.5
for 60 days based on the tensile strength and weight of the polythene. The results of
their study indicated that strains PNPF15/TS (Aspergillus sydowii) and MANGF1/
WL (Aspergillus terreus) were the most efficient fungi that degraded the polythene
plastics out of the 109 isolates of fungi in the following rates: 94.44 Æ 2.40% loss in
TS, pH 3.5 and 50.00 Æ 4% WL, pH 9.5, respectively. The results from the scanning
electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the breakdown polythene had cracks such
as disturbances (holes, fissures, and scion) which showed weathering. The result of
the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the various formations
366
C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani