Acinetobacter sp., Serratia sp., Proteus vulgaris and Vibrio sp. are able to degrade
dichlorvos by the excretion of several enzymes (Agarry et al. 2013).
Pseudomonas species are efficient to degrade profenofos (Malghani et al. 2009),
and Xanthomonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were obtained from its source of carbon
and nitrogen from chlorpyriphos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol under in vitro conditions (Rayu et al. 2017). Similarly, B. thuringiensis degrades cyhalothrin and
pyrethroids (Chen et al. 2015).
Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae degraded organophosphate fenamiphos (FEN) and hydrolysed fenamiphosphenol, and both the strains
are obtained C and N from FEN (Chanika et al. 2011). Rhizospheric microbes
exposed to agrochemical environment for quite a longer time become resistant to
that particular environment. Hence, these kinds of microbes are used as bioremediation of pesticides (Khan et al. 2009). The resistant microbes utilize the pesticides as
their energy source (Reddy et al. 2016).
P. aeruginosa G1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G2, B. atrophaeus G3,
Citrobacter amolonaticus G4 and Acinetobacter lowffii G5 are able to degrade the
organochlorine, endosulfan (Ozdal et al. 2016).
Biopesticide activity of Penicillium raistrickii, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus
sydowii, Penicillium miczynskii, Bionectria sp. and Aspergillus sydowii was studied
using solid and liquid medium at the concentration of 5, 10 and 15 mg of dichloro
diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD). Among the organisms tested, Trichoderma
degraded the pollutant efficiently (Ortega-Gonzalez et al. 2015). In vitro condition
results stated that among the sugar sources tested, glucose was found to be the
preferred source that speeds up the biodegradation process of Sphingobacterium
sp. (Fang et al. 2014).
Fungi are also involved in the degradation of organochlorine pesticides. Siddique
et al. (2003) identified that along with bacteria, fungi also isolated from soil that
degraded 84–91% of isomers of endosulfan. Okeke et al. (2002) isolated Pandoraea
sp. from soil slurry of biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The following fungi such as
P. acanthocystis (90%), P. brevispora (74%), and P. tremellosa (71%) removed the
heptachlor from soil by the hydrolysis and hydroxylation processes (Xiao et al.
2010). Rousidou et al. (2016) identified four oxamyl-degrading bacteria by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and found they belong to genus Pseudomonas.
They can also reutilize methylamine as C and N sources that possess methylamine
dehydrogenase enzyme which is similar to carbamate hydrolase gene. He et al.
(2006) isolated Penicillium sp. from herbicide production unit soil sample which
degraded metsulfuron methyl in soil and water.
Several studies showed that several organisms degrade pesticides, herbicides,
organophosphates and carbamates (Dinamarca et al. 2007). Yang et al. (2006)
isolated Stenotrophomonas sp. from solid waste water of organophosphorus pesticide manufacturing unit that degraded chlorpyrifos contaminated soil. Yuanfan et al.
(2010) suggested that genetically modified organism persist the gene mpd, able to
bioremediate multiple pesticides at once. Genetic engineering studies introduced
methyl parathion (MP) degrading gene into Pseudomonas putida X3 which strongly
degraded the soil contaminated with MP and Cd (Zhang et al. 2016). Diuron widely
12
M. Gomathy et al.
dichlorvos by the excretion of several enzymes (Agarry et al. 2013).
Pseudomonas species are efficient to degrade profenofos (Malghani et al. 2009),
and Xanthomonas sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were obtained from its source of carbon
and nitrogen from chlorpyriphos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol under in vitro conditions (Rayu et al. 2017). Similarly, B. thuringiensis degrades cyhalothrin and
pyrethroids (Chen et al. 2015).
Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae degraded organophosphate fenamiphos (FEN) and hydrolysed fenamiphosphenol, and both the strains
are obtained C and N from FEN (Chanika et al. 2011). Rhizospheric microbes
exposed to agrochemical environment for quite a longer time become resistant to
that particular environment. Hence, these kinds of microbes are used as bioremediation of pesticides (Khan et al. 2009). The resistant microbes utilize the pesticides as
their energy source (Reddy et al. 2016).
P. aeruginosa G1, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G2, B. atrophaeus G3,
Citrobacter amolonaticus G4 and Acinetobacter lowffii G5 are able to degrade the
organochlorine, endosulfan (Ozdal et al. 2016).
Biopesticide activity of Penicillium raistrickii, Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus
sydowii, Penicillium miczynskii, Bionectria sp. and Aspergillus sydowii was studied
using solid and liquid medium at the concentration of 5, 10 and 15 mg of dichloro
diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD). Among the organisms tested, Trichoderma
degraded the pollutant efficiently (Ortega-Gonzalez et al. 2015). In vitro condition
results stated that among the sugar sources tested, glucose was found to be the
preferred source that speeds up the biodegradation process of Sphingobacterium
sp. (Fang et al. 2014).
Fungi are also involved in the degradation of organochlorine pesticides. Siddique
et al. (2003) identified that along with bacteria, fungi also isolated from soil that
degraded 84–91% of isomers of endosulfan. Okeke et al. (2002) isolated Pandoraea
sp. from soil slurry of biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The following fungi such as
P. acanthocystis (90%), P. brevispora (74%), and P. tremellosa (71%) removed the
heptachlor from soil by the hydrolysis and hydroxylation processes (Xiao et al.
2010). Rousidou et al. (2016) identified four oxamyl-degrading bacteria by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and found they belong to genus Pseudomonas.
They can also reutilize methylamine as C and N sources that possess methylamine
dehydrogenase enzyme which is similar to carbamate hydrolase gene. He et al.
(2006) isolated Penicillium sp. from herbicide production unit soil sample which
degraded metsulfuron methyl in soil and water.
Several studies showed that several organisms degrade pesticides, herbicides,
organophosphates and carbamates (Dinamarca et al. 2007). Yang et al. (2006)
isolated Stenotrophomonas sp. from solid waste water of organophosphorus pesticide manufacturing unit that degraded chlorpyrifos contaminated soil. Yuanfan et al.
(2010) suggested that genetically modified organism persist the gene mpd, able to
bioremediate multiple pesticides at once. Genetic engineering studies introduced
methyl parathion (MP) degrading gene into Pseudomonas putida X3 which strongly
degraded the soil contaminated with MP and Cd (Zhang et al. 2016). Diuron widely
12
M. Gomathy et al.