230
L. S. Emery and J. M. Akey
Cavalli-Sforza LL (1966) Population structure and human evolution. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
164:362–379
Cavalli-Sforza LL (2007) Human evolution and its relevance for genetic epidemiology. Annu Rev
Genom Human Genet 8:1–15
Charlesworth D (2006) Balancing selection and its effects on sequences in nearby genome regions.
PLoS Genet 2:e64. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020064
Charlesworth B, Nordborg M, Charlesworth D (1997) The effects of local selection, balanced
polymorphism and background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic diversity in
subdivided populations. Genet Res 70:155–174
Chen H, Patterson N, Reich D (2010) Population differentiation as a test for selective sweeps.
Genome Res 20:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.100545.109
Clark AG, Hubisz MJ, Bustamante CD et al (2005) Ascertainment bias in studies of human
genome-wide polymorphism. Genome Res 15:1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.4107905
Coop G, Pickrell JK, Novembre J et al (2009) The role of geography in human adaptation. PLoS
Genet 5:e1000500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000500
Deshpande O, Batzoglou S, Feldman M (2009) A serial founder effect model for human settlement
out of Africa. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:291–300
Enard D, Messer PW, Petrov DA (2014) Genome-wide signals of positive selection in human
evolution. Genome Res 24:885. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.164822.113
Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E et al (2002) Identification of a variant associated with adult-type
hypolactasia. Nat Genet 30:233–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng826
Enattah NS, Jensen TGK, Nielsen M et al (2008) Independent introduction of two lactasepersistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture.
Am J Hum Genet 82:57–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.012
Excoffier L, Foll M, Petit R (2009) Genetic consequences of range expansions. Annu Rev Ecol
Evol Syst 40:481–501
Fay JC, Wu CI (2000) Hitchhiking under positive Darwinian selection. Genetics 155:1405–1413
Gallego Romero I, Basu Mallick C, Liebert A et al (2012) Herders of Indian and European
cattle share their predominant allele for lactase persistence. Mol Biol Evol 29:249–260. https://
doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr190
Goldstein DB, Chikhi L (2002) Human migrations and population structure: what we know
and why it matters. Annu Rev Genom Human Genet 3:129–152. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev.genom.3.022502.103200
Grossman SR, Shlyakhter I, Shylakhter I et al (2010) A composite of multiple signals distinguishes
causal variants in regions of positive selection. Science 327:883–886. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183863
Grossman SR, Andersen KG, Shlyakhter I et al (2013) Identifying recent adaptations in large-scale
genomic data. Cell 152:703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.035
Hahn M (2008) Toward a selection theory of molecular evolution. Evolution 62:255–265
Hamblin MT, Thompson EE, Di Rienzo A (2002) Complex signatures of natural selection at the
Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 70:369–383. https://doi.org/10.1086/338628
Hancock AM, Rienzo AD (2008) Detecting the genetic signature of natural selection in human
populations: models, methods, and data. Annu Rev Anthropol 37:197–217. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085141
Hancock AM, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Witonsky DB, Di Rienzo A (2010a) Adaptations to new
environments in humans: the role of subtle allele frequency shifts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond
Ser B Biol Sci 365:2459–2468. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0032
Hancock AM, Witonsky DB, Ehler E et al (2010b) Human adaptations to diet, subsistence, and
ecoregion are due to subtle shifts in allele frequency. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(Suppl 2):8924–
8930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914625107
Handley LJL, Manica A, Goudet J, Balloux F (2007) Going the distance: human population
genetics in a clinal world. Trends Genet 23:432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.002
Harris EE, Meyer D (2006) The molecular signature of selection underlying human adaptations.
Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 43:89–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20518
L. S. Emery and J. M. Akey
Cavalli-Sforza LL (1966) Population structure and human evolution. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
164:362–379
Cavalli-Sforza LL (2007) Human evolution and its relevance for genetic epidemiology. Annu Rev
Genom Human Genet 8:1–15
Charlesworth D (2006) Balancing selection and its effects on sequences in nearby genome regions.
PLoS Genet 2:e64. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020064
Charlesworth B, Nordborg M, Charlesworth D (1997) The effects of local selection, balanced
polymorphism and background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic diversity in
subdivided populations. Genet Res 70:155–174
Chen H, Patterson N, Reich D (2010) Population differentiation as a test for selective sweeps.
Genome Res 20:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.100545.109
Clark AG, Hubisz MJ, Bustamante CD et al (2005) Ascertainment bias in studies of human
genome-wide polymorphism. Genome Res 15:1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.4107905
Coop G, Pickrell JK, Novembre J et al (2009) The role of geography in human adaptation. PLoS
Genet 5:e1000500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000500
Deshpande O, Batzoglou S, Feldman M (2009) A serial founder effect model for human settlement
out of Africa. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276:291–300
Enard D, Messer PW, Petrov DA (2014) Genome-wide signals of positive selection in human
evolution. Genome Res 24:885. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.164822.113
Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E et al (2002) Identification of a variant associated with adult-type
hypolactasia. Nat Genet 30:233–237. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng826
Enattah NS, Jensen TGK, Nielsen M et al (2008) Independent introduction of two lactasepersistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture.
Am J Hum Genet 82:57–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.012
Excoffier L, Foll M, Petit R (2009) Genetic consequences of range expansions. Annu Rev Ecol
Evol Syst 40:481–501
Fay JC, Wu CI (2000) Hitchhiking under positive Darwinian selection. Genetics 155:1405–1413
Gallego Romero I, Basu Mallick C, Liebert A et al (2012) Herders of Indian and European
cattle share their predominant allele for lactase persistence. Mol Biol Evol 29:249–260. https://
doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr190
Goldstein DB, Chikhi L (2002) Human migrations and population structure: what we know
and why it matters. Annu Rev Genom Human Genet 3:129–152. https://doi.org/10.1146/
annurev.genom.3.022502.103200
Grossman SR, Shlyakhter I, Shylakhter I et al (2010) A composite of multiple signals distinguishes
causal variants in regions of positive selection. Science 327:883–886. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183863
Grossman SR, Andersen KG, Shlyakhter I et al (2013) Identifying recent adaptations in large-scale
genomic data. Cell 152:703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.035
Hahn M (2008) Toward a selection theory of molecular evolution. Evolution 62:255–265
Hamblin MT, Thompson EE, Di Rienzo A (2002) Complex signatures of natural selection at the
Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 70:369–383. https://doi.org/10.1086/338628
Hancock AM, Rienzo AD (2008) Detecting the genetic signature of natural selection in human
populations: models, methods, and data. Annu Rev Anthropol 37:197–217. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085141
Hancock AM, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Witonsky DB, Di Rienzo A (2010a) Adaptations to new
environments in humans: the role of subtle allele frequency shifts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond
Ser B Biol Sci 365:2459–2468. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0032
Hancock AM, Witonsky DB, Ehler E et al (2010b) Human adaptations to diet, subsistence, and
ecoregion are due to subtle shifts in allele frequency. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(Suppl 2):8924–
8930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914625107
Handley LJL, Manica A, Goudet J, Balloux F (2007) Going the distance: human population
genetics in a clinal world. Trends Genet 23:432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.002
Harris EE, Meyer D (2006) The molecular signature of selection underlying human adaptations.
Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl 43:89–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20518