120
R. E. Graff et al.
Thomas DC, Haile RW, Duggan D (2005) Recent developments in genomewide association scans:
a workshop summary and review. Am J Hum Genet 77:337–345
Thomas DC, Casey G, Conti DV, Haile RW, Lewinger JP, Stram DO (2009) Methodological issues
in multistage genome-wide association studies. Stat Sci 24:414
Tian L, Greenberg SA, Kong SW, Altschuler J, Kohane IS, Park PJ (2005) Discovering statistically
significant pathways in expression profiling studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:13544–13549
Toland AE (2019) Polygenic risk scores for prostate cancer: testing considerations. Can J Urol
26:17–18
Torkamani A, Wineinger NE, Topol EJ (2018) The personal and clinical utility of polygenic risk
scores. Nat Rev Genet 19:581–590
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science
291:1304–1351
Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS (1992) Selection of controls in casecontrol studies. I Principles. Am J Epidemiol 135:1019–1028
Wacholder S, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M, El Ghormli L, Rothman N (2004) Assessing the
probability that a positive report is false: an approach for molecular epidemiology studies. J
Natl Cancer Inst 96:434–442
Wang DG, Fan JB, Siao CJ et al (1998) Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science 280:1077–1082
Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H (2010) Analysing biological pathways in genome-wide association
studies. Nat Rev Genet 11:843–854
Wang L, Jia P, Wolfinger RD, Chen X, Zhao Z (2011) Gene set analysis of genome-wide
association studies: methodological issues and perspectives. Genomics 98:1–8
Ware JH (2006) The limitations of risk factors as prognostic tools. N Engl J Med 355:2615–2617
Wild CP (2005) Complementing the genome with an “exposome”: the outstanding challenge of
environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark
Prev 14:1847–1850
Willer CJ, Li Y, Abecasis GR (2010) METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide
association scans. Bioinformatics 26:2190–2191
Witte JS (1997) Genetic analysis with hierarchical models. Genet Epidemiol 14:1137–1142
Witte JS, Greenland S (1996) Simulation study of hierarchical regression. Stat Med 15:1161–1170
Witte JS, Elston RC, Schork NJ (1996) Genetic dissection of complex traits. Nat Genet 12:355–
356. author reply 357–358
Witte JS, Elston RC, Cardon LR (2000) On the relative sample size required for multiple
comparisons. Stat Med 19:369–372
Wojcik GL, Fuchsberger C, Taliun D et al (2018) Imputation-aware tag SNP selection to improve
power for large-scale, multi-ethnic association studies. G3 (Bethesda) 8:3255–3267
Wu R, Kaiser AD (1968) Structure and base sequence in the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda
DNA. J Mol Biol 35:523–537
Wu Michael C, Lee S, Cai T, Li Y, Boehnke M, Lin X (2011) Rare-variant association testing for
sequencing data with the sequence kernel association test. Am J Hum Genet 89:82–93
Wu R, Taylor E (1971) Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. II. Complete nucleotide sequence
of the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda DNA. J Mol Biol 57:491–511
Wu MC, Kraft P, Epstein MP et al (2010) Powerful SNP-set analysis for case-control genome-wide
association studies. Am J Hum Genet 86:929–942
Wu MC, Maity A, Lee S et al (2013) Kernel machine SNP-set testing under multiple candidate
kernels. Genet Epidemiol 37:267–275
Xing C, Huang J, Hsu YH et al (2016) Evaluation of power of the Illumina HumanOmni5M-4v1
BeadChip to detect risk variants for human complex diseases. Eur J Hum Genet 24:1029–1034
Xiong M, Guo SW (1997) Fine-scale genetic mapping based on linkage disequilibrium: theory and
applications. Am J Hum Genet 60:1513–1531
Yang J, Zaitlen NA, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Price AL (2014) Advantages and pitfalls in the
application of mixed-model association methods. Nat Genet 46:100–106
R. E. Graff et al.
Thomas DC, Haile RW, Duggan D (2005) Recent developments in genomewide association scans:
a workshop summary and review. Am J Hum Genet 77:337–345
Thomas DC, Casey G, Conti DV, Haile RW, Lewinger JP, Stram DO (2009) Methodological issues
in multistage genome-wide association studies. Stat Sci 24:414
Tian L, Greenberg SA, Kong SW, Altschuler J, Kohane IS, Park PJ (2005) Discovering statistically
significant pathways in expression profiling studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:13544–13549
Toland AE (2019) Polygenic risk scores for prostate cancer: testing considerations. Can J Urol
26:17–18
Torkamani A, Wineinger NE, Topol EJ (2018) The personal and clinical utility of polygenic risk
scores. Nat Rev Genet 19:581–590
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW et al (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science
291:1304–1351
Wacholder S, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Mandel JS (1992) Selection of controls in casecontrol studies. I Principles. Am J Epidemiol 135:1019–1028
Wacholder S, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M, El Ghormli L, Rothman N (2004) Assessing the
probability that a positive report is false: an approach for molecular epidemiology studies. J
Natl Cancer Inst 96:434–442
Wang DG, Fan JB, Siao CJ et al (1998) Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of
single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science 280:1077–1082
Wang K, Li M, Hakonarson H (2010) Analysing biological pathways in genome-wide association
studies. Nat Rev Genet 11:843–854
Wang L, Jia P, Wolfinger RD, Chen X, Zhao Z (2011) Gene set analysis of genome-wide
association studies: methodological issues and perspectives. Genomics 98:1–8
Ware JH (2006) The limitations of risk factors as prognostic tools. N Engl J Med 355:2615–2617
Wild CP (2005) Complementing the genome with an “exposome”: the outstanding challenge of
environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark
Prev 14:1847–1850
Willer CJ, Li Y, Abecasis GR (2010) METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide
association scans. Bioinformatics 26:2190–2191
Witte JS (1997) Genetic analysis with hierarchical models. Genet Epidemiol 14:1137–1142
Witte JS, Greenland S (1996) Simulation study of hierarchical regression. Stat Med 15:1161–1170
Witte JS, Elston RC, Schork NJ (1996) Genetic dissection of complex traits. Nat Genet 12:355–
356. author reply 357–358
Witte JS, Elston RC, Cardon LR (2000) On the relative sample size required for multiple
comparisons. Stat Med 19:369–372
Wojcik GL, Fuchsberger C, Taliun D et al (2018) Imputation-aware tag SNP selection to improve
power for large-scale, multi-ethnic association studies. G3 (Bethesda) 8:3255–3267
Wu R, Kaiser AD (1968) Structure and base sequence in the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda
DNA. J Mol Biol 35:523–537
Wu Michael C, Lee S, Cai T, Li Y, Boehnke M, Lin X (2011) Rare-variant association testing for
sequencing data with the sequence kernel association test. Am J Hum Genet 89:82–93
Wu R, Taylor E (1971) Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. II. Complete nucleotide sequence
of the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda DNA. J Mol Biol 57:491–511
Wu MC, Kraft P, Epstein MP et al (2010) Powerful SNP-set analysis for case-control genome-wide
association studies. Am J Hum Genet 86:929–942
Wu MC, Maity A, Lee S et al (2013) Kernel machine SNP-set testing under multiple candidate
kernels. Genet Epidemiol 37:267–275
Xing C, Huang J, Hsu YH et al (2016) Evaluation of power of the Illumina HumanOmni5M-4v1
BeadChip to detect risk variants for human complex diseases. Eur J Hum Genet 24:1029–1034
Xiong M, Guo SW (1997) Fine-scale genetic mapping based on linkage disequilibrium: theory and
applications. Am J Hum Genet 60:1513–1531
Yang J, Zaitlen NA, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Price AL (2014) Advantages and pitfalls in the
application of mixed-model association methods. Nat Genet 46:100–106