Community Protocols and Biocultural Rights 35
39 Decision IPBES-2/4, Conceptual framework for the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES/2/17. Also see
IPBES, Annex II to decision IPBES-4/1 (pollinators), IPBES/4/19, 29 March
2016, p. 39:
A number of cultural practices based on indigenous and local knowledge
contribute to supporting an abundance and diversity of pollinators and maintaining valued ‘biocultural diversity’ (for the purposes of this assessment, biological
and cultural diversity and the links between them are referred to as ‘biocultural
diversity’).
40 As early as 1971, UNESCO launched the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, an interdisciplinary programme of research and training aimed at developing the basis for sustainable use and conservation of biological diversity, and at
improving relationships between people and their environment (Reed & Price, 2020;
Heinze & G erman MAB National Committee, 2005). Another flagship UNESCO
programme, LINKS (“Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems”), was established
in 2002. Cross- cutting and interdisciplinary in nature, the LINKS programme has
three main prongs: the active and equitable role of IPLCs in resource management;
local and Indigenous knowledge transmission across generations; and the inclusion of local and Indigenous e cological knowledge in biodiversity conservation and
management, climate change assessment and adaptation (see, e.g., Nakashima et al.,
2018). Strong institutional links exist between the programme and the CBD, the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the IPBES. In 2010, the Secretariat
of the CBD (SCBD), as a focal point for biodiversity, and UNESCO, as a focal point
for cultural diversity, initiated a SCBD-UNESCO joint programme on the occasion
of the International Conference on Biological and Cultural Diversity: Diversity for
Development- Development for Diversity (8–10 June 2010, Montreal, Canada). The
conference resulted in the 2010 Declaration on Bio-cultural Diversity and the draft
of the joint programme stressing the need to “enhance synergies between interlinked
provisions of conventions and programmes dealing with biological and cultural diversity at relevant scales” (Report of the International Conference on Biological and
Cultural Diversity for Development, UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/3, 2 September
2010, Annex I). The first meeting for the implementation of the programme was
held in Florence (Italy) in April 2014 and produced the UNESCO-SCBD Florence
Declaration (see Figure 1.1, Annex) (Agnoletti et al., 2016). Two further events
in relation to the Joint Programme were the 1
st Asian Conference on Biocultural
Diversity (Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, 27–29 October 2016) (UNEP/
CBD/COP/13/INF/28, 10 November 2016, Annex I) and the First North American Dialogue on Biocultural Diversity ( Montreal, Canada, 5–8 May 2019) (CBD/
WG8J/11/INF/6, 12 October 2019) (see Figure 1.1, Annex). The Joint Programme
has also links with the ICOMOS-IUCN joint initiative called “A culture/nature
journey”, formally launched at the World Conservation Congress in Honolulu in
September 2016 (McIntyre-Tamwoy, 2018; Pencek, 2017).
41 See para. 2 of the 2018 Sharm El-Sheikh Declaration on Nature and Culture (CBD/
COP/14/INF/46), which “[urges] the establishment of a multi-partner International
Alliance on Nature and Culture, as a platform for international cooperation on links
between biological and cultural diversity to achieve the global vision of humanity
‘Living in Harmony with Nature’ by 2050”.
42 See note 26.
43 On the narrow definition of TK under the Nagoya Protocol, as against the definition enshrined in the CBD and that which is discussed at WIPO (WIPO/GRTKF/
IC/40/18, 19 June 2019; WIPO/GRTKF/IC/41/INF/7, 30 December 2020;
WIPO/GRTKF/IC/41/5, 30 December 2020), see Morgera et al. (2014, p. 30).
Worth considering are also the Operational Directives for the Implementation of
the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted
39 Decision IPBES-2/4, Conceptual framework for the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES/2/17. Also see
IPBES, Annex II to decision IPBES-4/1 (pollinators), IPBES/4/19, 29 March
2016, p. 39:
A number of cultural practices based on indigenous and local knowledge
contribute to supporting an abundance and diversity of pollinators and maintaining valued ‘biocultural diversity’ (for the purposes of this assessment, biological
and cultural diversity and the links between them are referred to as ‘biocultural
diversity’).
40 As early as 1971, UNESCO launched the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, an interdisciplinary programme of research and training aimed at developing the basis for sustainable use and conservation of biological diversity, and at
improving relationships between people and their environment (Reed & Price, 2020;
Heinze & G erman MAB National Committee, 2005). Another flagship UNESCO
programme, LINKS (“Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems”), was established
in 2002. Cross- cutting and interdisciplinary in nature, the LINKS programme has
three main prongs: the active and equitable role of IPLCs in resource management;
local and Indigenous knowledge transmission across generations; and the inclusion of local and Indigenous e cological knowledge in biodiversity conservation and
management, climate change assessment and adaptation (see, e.g., Nakashima et al.,
2018). Strong institutional links exist between the programme and the CBD, the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the IPBES. In 2010, the Secretariat
of the CBD (SCBD), as a focal point for biodiversity, and UNESCO, as a focal point
for cultural diversity, initiated a SCBD-UNESCO joint programme on the occasion
of the International Conference on Biological and Cultural Diversity: Diversity for
Development- Development for Diversity (8–10 June 2010, Montreal, Canada). The
conference resulted in the 2010 Declaration on Bio-cultural Diversity and the draft
of the joint programme stressing the need to “enhance synergies between interlinked
provisions of conventions and programmes dealing with biological and cultural diversity at relevant scales” (Report of the International Conference on Biological and
Cultural Diversity for Development, UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/3, 2 September
2010, Annex I). The first meeting for the implementation of the programme was
held in Florence (Italy) in April 2014 and produced the UNESCO-SCBD Florence
Declaration (see Figure 1.1, Annex) (Agnoletti et al., 2016). Two further events
in relation to the Joint Programme were the 1
st Asian Conference on Biocultural
Diversity (Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, 27–29 October 2016) (UNEP/
CBD/COP/13/INF/28, 10 November 2016, Annex I) and the First North American Dialogue on Biocultural Diversity ( Montreal, Canada, 5–8 May 2019) (CBD/
WG8J/11/INF/6, 12 October 2019) (see Figure 1.1, Annex). The Joint Programme
has also links with the ICOMOS-IUCN joint initiative called “A culture/nature
journey”, formally launched at the World Conservation Congress in Honolulu in
September 2016 (McIntyre-Tamwoy, 2018; Pencek, 2017).
41 See para. 2 of the 2018 Sharm El-Sheikh Declaration on Nature and Culture (CBD/
COP/14/INF/46), which “[urges] the establishment of a multi-partner International
Alliance on Nature and Culture, as a platform for international cooperation on links
between biological and cultural diversity to achieve the global vision of humanity
‘Living in Harmony with Nature’ by 2050”.
42 See note 26.
43 On the narrow definition of TK under the Nagoya Protocol, as against the definition enshrined in the CBD and that which is discussed at WIPO (WIPO/GRTKF/
IC/40/18, 19 June 2019; WIPO/GRTKF/IC/41/INF/7, 30 December 2020;
WIPO/GRTKF/IC/41/5, 30 December 2020), see Morgera et al. (2014, p. 30).
Worth considering are also the Operational Directives for the Implementation of
the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted