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6
Batteries
With contributions from Kate Preston
Abstract
Batteries are extremely important for electrical vehicles (EVs) and for
the storage of electricity generated by wind and solar power that is to be
delivered using the electrical grid. Because annual sales of batteries are
projected to increase to more than $100 billion per year, there are many companies involved in research and development of new batteries. Most batteries
for EVs today are lithium-ion batteries. With so many research groups, however, there is ongoing work regarding different materials that can be used for
batteries, as well as different battery designs. The prices of batteries for EVs
have decreased from more than $1000/kWh in 2010 to less than $200/kWh
in 2018, and further decreases are expected. There are many challenges in
developing batteries, including the effects of temperature, repeated charging
and discharging, energy density, cost of materials, power flow rate, and more.
6.1 Introduction
As awareness of the effects of greenhouse gases increases, the push for a
more sustainable way of life grows. Transportation is known to be one of the
leading causes of climate change, with 23% of greenhouse gases coming from
transportation- related emissions (Iclodean et al., 2017). To combat this increase
in greenhouse gas emissions, the ‘Paris Declaration on Electro- Mobility and
Climate Change and Call to Action’ was adopted in 2015, with the main goal
being to reduce global warming (Iclodean, et. al, 2017). An important aspect
of electrifying transportation is the batteries used in electric vehicles. Batteries
can be beneficial not only to power the vehicle, but also to store energy from
the grid in times when there may be surplus electricity generation. Research
is currently being done to reduce the cost of batteries, extend battery life span,
manage electric vehicle (EV) charging with the grid, and develop the most
59
6
Batteries
With contributions from Kate Preston
Abstract
Batteries are extremely important for electrical vehicles (EVs) and for
the storage of electricity generated by wind and solar power that is to be
delivered using the electrical grid. Because annual sales of batteries are
projected to increase to more than $100 billion per year, there are many companies involved in research and development of new batteries. Most batteries
for EVs today are lithium-ion batteries. With so many research groups, however, there is ongoing work regarding different materials that can be used for
batteries, as well as different battery designs. The prices of batteries for EVs
have decreased from more than $1000/kWh in 2010 to less than $200/kWh
in 2018, and further decreases are expected. There are many challenges in
developing batteries, including the effects of temperature, repeated charging
and discharging, energy density, cost of materials, power flow rate, and more.
6.1 Introduction
As awareness of the effects of greenhouse gases increases, the push for a
more sustainable way of life grows. Transportation is known to be one of the
leading causes of climate change, with 23% of greenhouse gases coming from
transportation- related emissions (Iclodean et al., 2017). To combat this increase
in greenhouse gas emissions, the ‘Paris Declaration on Electro- Mobility and
Climate Change and Call to Action’ was adopted in 2015, with the main goal
being to reduce global warming (Iclodean, et. al, 2017). An important aspect
of electrifying transportation is the batteries used in electric vehicles. Batteries
can be beneficial not only to power the vehicle, but also to store energy from
the grid in times when there may be surplus electricity generation. Research
is currently being done to reduce the cost of batteries, extend battery life span,
manage electric vehicle (EV) charging with the grid, and develop the most