13.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 276
13.1.1 Engineered PRBs............................................................................ 278
13.2 Overview and Performance of Selected PRB Sites in Europe ............. 281
13.2.1 PRB Projects in Germany.............................................................. 281
13.2.2 A Review of German PRB Sites Comprising the First
RUBIN Projects............................................................................... 283
13.2.2.1 Bernau............................................................................... 283
13.2.2.2 Bitterfeld ........................................................................... 283
13.2.2.3 Denkendorf ......................................................................284
13.2.2.4 Edenkoben ....................................................................... 285
13.2.2.5 Karlsruhe.......................................................................... 287
13.2.2.6 Offenbach ......................................................................... 288
13.2.2.7 Rheine ............................................................................... 290
13.3 PRB Sites in Austria and Switzerland..................................................... 291
13.3.1 Brunn am Gebirge ......................................................................... 291
13.3.2 Willisau ........................................................................................... 293
13.3.3 Thun................................................................................................. 294
13.4 PRB Sites in Denmark ............................................................................... 294
13.4.1 Vapokon........................................................................................... 294
13.4.2 Copenhagen Freight Yard............................................................. 295
13.5 First PRB Site in Italy ................................................................................. 295
13.5.1 Avigliana, Near the City of Torino (Piemonte Region) ............ 295
13.6 PRB Site in Czech Republic ...................................................................... 297
13.6.1 Pardubice, East Bohemia............................................................... 297
13.7 Europe’s Oldest PRB (Belfast, Monkstown, Northern Ireland)........... 299
13.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 303
13.8.1 Long-Term Performance and Longevity of PRBs ...................... 303
References.............................................................................................................305
13
Permeable Reactive Barriers in Europe
Volker Birke and Harald Burmeier
CONTENTS
275
13.1.1 Engineered PRBs............................................................................ 278
13.2 Overview and Performance of Selected PRB Sites in Europe ............. 281
13.2.1 PRB Projects in Germany.............................................................. 281
13.2.2 A Review of German PRB Sites Comprising the First
RUBIN Projects............................................................................... 283
13.2.2.1 Bernau............................................................................... 283
13.2.2.2 Bitterfeld ........................................................................... 283
13.2.2.3 Denkendorf ......................................................................284
13.2.2.4 Edenkoben ....................................................................... 285
13.2.2.5 Karlsruhe.......................................................................... 287
13.2.2.6 Offenbach ......................................................................... 288
13.2.2.7 Rheine ............................................................................... 290
13.3 PRB Sites in Austria and Switzerland..................................................... 291
13.3.1 Brunn am Gebirge ......................................................................... 291
13.3.2 Willisau ........................................................................................... 293
13.3.3 Thun................................................................................................. 294
13.4 PRB Sites in Denmark ............................................................................... 294
13.4.1 Vapokon........................................................................................... 294
13.4.2 Copenhagen Freight Yard............................................................. 295
13.5 First PRB Site in Italy ................................................................................. 295
13.5.1 Avigliana, Near the City of Torino (Piemonte Region) ............ 295
13.6 PRB Site in Czech Republic ...................................................................... 297
13.6.1 Pardubice, East Bohemia............................................................... 297
13.7 Europe’s Oldest PRB (Belfast, Monkstown, Northern Ireland)........... 299
13.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 303
13.8.1 Long-Term Performance and Longevity of PRBs ...................... 303
References.............................................................................................................305
13
Permeable Reactive Barriers in Europe
Volker Birke and Harald Burmeier
CONTENTS
275