11.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 216

11.1.1 Solubility of NSO-Heterocycles and Their Parent
Aromatics ........................................................................................ 216

11.2 Experimental .............................................................................................. 219

11.2.1 Instrumentation and Materials.................................................... 219

11.2.2 Analytics ......................................................................................... 219

11.2.2.1 GC–MS Analysis ............................................................. 220

11.2.2.2 LC–MS/MS Analysis ...................................................... 220

11.2.2.3 Liquid–Liquid Extraction for High
Concentrations: GC–MS Only ....................................... 220

11.2.3 Activated Carbons ......................................................................... 220

11.2.4 Column Experiments ....................................................................222

11.2.5 Contaminated Sites and Investigated Reactive Barriers ..........223

11.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 224

11.3.1 Extraction and Analysis of Organic Compounds ..................... 224

11.3.2 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon .............................225

11.3.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms of Single Compounds
in Water ............................................................................ 226

11.3.2.2 Adsorption Isotherm of 2-Methylquinoline:
Dependence on pH ......................................................... 226

11.3.2.3 Adsorption Isotherms of Mixtures............................... 230

11.3.2.4 Isotherm Parameters from Column Runs:
Comparison with Batch Experiments .......................... 233

11.3.3 Compound Ranking from Column Runs ..................................234

11.3.4 Efficiencies of Permeable Reactive Barriers ............................... 238

11.3.4.1 Characterization of Sites ................................................ 238

11.3.4.2 Reactive Barrier in Karlsruhe (Germany).................... 239

11
Remediation of PAHs, NSO-Heterocycles,
and Related Aromatic Compounds in
Permeable Reactive Barriers Using
Activated Carbon
Wolf-Ulrich Palm, Jan Sebastian Mänz, and Wolfgang Ruck
CONTENTS
215