74 A. Klitkou et al.
biorefinery which produces chemicals and materials; (2) integrating pulp and
paper production with liquefied biogas production; and (3) developing an
industrial cooperation of different firms in order to replace pulp and paper
production with new forest- based products from logs and residuals, such as
bioethanol, biochar, wooden construction materials, etc. In this chapter we
will answer the following research questions:
1 What are the main new pathways for forest- based value creation in
Norway?
2 How did these new pathways emerge and how is valorisation of sidestreams and residues accomplished?
The chapter is structured as follows: after the introduction comes a short
section on the valorisation of side- stream and residues in forest- based industries. The third section discusses the conceptual framework for this chapter.
The fourth section explains the methodology and data sources applied and
gives an account of the three empirical cases as well as applying the conceptual framework; and the final section discusses the results in light of the
research questions.
4.2 Forest- based value creation with a focus on the
valorisation of side- streams and residues
When exploring new possibilities of value creation in forest- based industries
it is necessary to understand the different types of residues and side- streams
and how they can be valorised. We have to distinguish between three main
groups of residues in forestry- based value chains:
1 Primary residues: leftovers from cultivation, harvesting or logging activities
from trees within and outside forests;
2 Secondary residues: wood processing residues and side- streams, such as
sawdust, bark, black liquor;
3 Tertiary residues: used wood (in household- waste, end- of-life wood from
industrial and trade use, discarded furniture, demolition wood, etc.) considered to be organic waste.
In this chapter we will mainly focus on secondary residues and side- streams,
as these are especially important from a regional development perspective.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has assessed the shares of
residue in the valorisation process of a tree as follows (FAO, 1990):
The harvesting and logging of a tree lead to the following residues being
left in the forest:
• Tops, branches and foliage: 23%
• Stumps (excluding roots): 10%
• Sawdust: 5%
biorefinery which produces chemicals and materials; (2) integrating pulp and
paper production with liquefied biogas production; and (3) developing an
industrial cooperation of different firms in order to replace pulp and paper
production with new forest- based products from logs and residuals, such as
bioethanol, biochar, wooden construction materials, etc. In this chapter we
will answer the following research questions:
1 What are the main new pathways for forest- based value creation in
Norway?
2 How did these new pathways emerge and how is valorisation of sidestreams and residues accomplished?
The chapter is structured as follows: after the introduction comes a short
section on the valorisation of side- stream and residues in forest- based industries. The third section discusses the conceptual framework for this chapter.
The fourth section explains the methodology and data sources applied and
gives an account of the three empirical cases as well as applying the conceptual framework; and the final section discusses the results in light of the
research questions.
4.2 Forest- based value creation with a focus on the
valorisation of side- streams and residues
When exploring new possibilities of value creation in forest- based industries
it is necessary to understand the different types of residues and side- streams
and how they can be valorised. We have to distinguish between three main
groups of residues in forestry- based value chains:
1 Primary residues: leftovers from cultivation, harvesting or logging activities
from trees within and outside forests;
2 Secondary residues: wood processing residues and side- streams, such as
sawdust, bark, black liquor;
3 Tertiary residues: used wood (in household- waste, end- of-life wood from
industrial and trade use, discarded furniture, demolition wood, etc.) considered to be organic waste.
In this chapter we will mainly focus on secondary residues and side- streams,
as these are especially important from a regional development perspective.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has assessed the shares of
residue in the valorisation process of a tree as follows (FAO, 1990):
The harvesting and logging of a tree lead to the following residues being
left in the forest:
• Tops, branches and foliage: 23%
• Stumps (excluding roots): 10%
• Sawdust: 5%