Introduction 13
bioeconomy. Together they illustrate the multifaceted nature of this sector of
the economy. Chapter 3 develops a theoretical framework for understanding
the patterns, drivers and contexts of organic waste valorisation within and
across bio- based sectors. The chapter discusses and connects four central concepts into a coherent framework – governance, value creation and capture,
technological change, and spatial relatedness and dynamics. These concepts and
the related theory serve as the basis for the analysis carried out in the next part.
Part II presents empirical case studies of organic waste valorisation in six
bio- based sectors – forestry (Chapter 4), urban waste management (Chapter
5), brewing (Chapter 6), meat processing (Chapter 7), aquaculture (Chapter
8) and dairy (Chapter 9). These sectors are not only important from an
environmental and climate perspective, but also in terms of food security,
rural employment and economic growth. Although Part II presents six sector
studies, all the case studies are cross- sectoral. The sector under consideration
is only the starting point of a longer valorisation pathway that spans several
sectors. For instance, the case study on urban waste management begins with
an analysis of organic household waste, but then focuses on how the waste is
valorised into biomethane fuel for buses and fertilisers for farmers. All the case
studies draw on the theoretical framework developed in Chapter 3, but
emphasise different aspects of this framework.
Part III investigates aspects of the bioeconomy that span across several
sectors such as knowledge flow and innovation activity. Chapter 10 investigates what kind of knowledge is required in the bioeconomy. The chapter
analyses the CVs of scientific personnel who have received public funding
through bioeconomy- focused research programmes in Norway in order to
explore which disciplines and institutions are most relevant to the bioeconomy. Chapter 11 investigates activity in the Norwegian bioeconomy by combining and analysing a range of data sources, including patent data and project
data, as well as the results from two recent surveys. The chapter aims to
provide an overview of the population and actions of actors in the Norwegian bioeconomy.
Part IV investigates valorisation pathways and the bioeconomy from a
policy perspective. Chapter 12 explores whether there are conflicting interests
and policy rationales shaping the bioeconomy. The chapter analyses submissions to a public hearing on the development of a bioeconomy strategy in
Norway to map the actors involved in shaping the new bioeconomy and to
analyse their positions within this emerging field. Chapter 13 explores how
policies on food waste are developed and implemented. It investigates this
topic by analysing the introduction of voluntary targets for food waste reduction in Norway. Chapter 14 presents the LCA method and its use as a policy
tool in relation to waste management. The chapter discusses how policymaking can be enriched by LCA, but also raises the potential pitfalls of blindly
relying on LCA results. Finally, Chapter 15 concludes the part and the book
by articulating suggestions and recommendations for policymakers and companies concerned about the valorisation of various waste streams.
bioeconomy. Together they illustrate the multifaceted nature of this sector of
the economy. Chapter 3 develops a theoretical framework for understanding
the patterns, drivers and contexts of organic waste valorisation within and
across bio- based sectors. The chapter discusses and connects four central concepts into a coherent framework – governance, value creation and capture,
technological change, and spatial relatedness and dynamics. These concepts and
the related theory serve as the basis for the analysis carried out in the next part.
Part II presents empirical case studies of organic waste valorisation in six
bio- based sectors – forestry (Chapter 4), urban waste management (Chapter
5), brewing (Chapter 6), meat processing (Chapter 7), aquaculture (Chapter
8) and dairy (Chapter 9). These sectors are not only important from an
environmental and climate perspective, but also in terms of food security,
rural employment and economic growth. Although Part II presents six sector
studies, all the case studies are cross- sectoral. The sector under consideration
is only the starting point of a longer valorisation pathway that spans several
sectors. For instance, the case study on urban waste management begins with
an analysis of organic household waste, but then focuses on how the waste is
valorised into biomethane fuel for buses and fertilisers for farmers. All the case
studies draw on the theoretical framework developed in Chapter 3, but
emphasise different aspects of this framework.
Part III investigates aspects of the bioeconomy that span across several
sectors such as knowledge flow and innovation activity. Chapter 10 investigates what kind of knowledge is required in the bioeconomy. The chapter
analyses the CVs of scientific personnel who have received public funding
through bioeconomy- focused research programmes in Norway in order to
explore which disciplines and institutions are most relevant to the bioeconomy. Chapter 11 investigates activity in the Norwegian bioeconomy by combining and analysing a range of data sources, including patent data and project
data, as well as the results from two recent surveys. The chapter aims to
provide an overview of the population and actions of actors in the Norwegian bioeconomy.
Part IV investigates valorisation pathways and the bioeconomy from a
policy perspective. Chapter 12 explores whether there are conflicting interests
and policy rationales shaping the bioeconomy. The chapter analyses submissions to a public hearing on the development of a bioeconomy strategy in
Norway to map the actors involved in shaping the new bioeconomy and to
analyse their positions within this emerging field. Chapter 13 explores how
policies on food waste are developed and implemented. It investigates this
topic by analysing the introduction of voluntary targets for food waste reduction in Norway. Chapter 14 presents the LCA method and its use as a policy
tool in relation to waste management. The chapter discusses how policymaking can be enriched by LCA, but also raises the potential pitfalls of blindly
relying on LCA results. Finally, Chapter 15 concludes the part and the book
by articulating suggestions and recommendations for policymakers and companies concerned about the valorisation of various waste streams.