82 A. Klitkou et al.
gases, including biogas, and is part of the international Linde Group. For
access to the aquaculture residues Biokraft has contracts with Scanbio and
other companies on the delivery of the residues.
At the national level the Biokraft project twice received funding from
Enova and once received a loan from Innovation Norway. The government
budget in 2014 abolished tax exemptions for LPG, which enabled LBG to
become competitive in price. And in 2015 the government introduced an
economic compensation scheme for public buses fuelled with biogas. These
decisions enabled a long- term market for LBG in the region.
The municipality of Levanger where Norske Skog Skogn is located was
very much in favour of the biogas plant and also functioned as an important
enabler.
As a result of the collaboration, Biokraft will process waste water from the
pulp and paper plant, which is a mixture of biological sludge and water. After
processing the waste water together with the fish residues, Biokraft delivers
water back to Norske Skog Skogn. A dry bio- residual will be delivered as a
fertiliser to farmers nearby through a local entrepreneur. This resource will be
useful for upgrading soil. The farmers already know the quality of this bioresidual. Norske Skog Skogn in turn will receive a substrate which will reduce
their need for urea. The biogas is chilled down and liquefied, before being
sold as LBG to AGA. Following this it is used to fuel the regional public bus
transport system. A barrier to the usage of LBG is the lack of extended filling
infrastructure for LBG. Norway’s focus on electrical mobility has left little
attention for the development of necessary filling infrastructure for LBG.
In the case of Norske Skog Skogn we see a dominance of path extension
due to the focus on the incremental improvement of their traditional newspaper paper production, which remains their core product. However, we can
also see elements of path renewal, since the company has engaged in collaboration with a new industry in order to produce biogas from pulp and paper
residues and the waste water, and even co- create future plans for developing
totally new industries within the industrial area, such as introducing landbased fish- farming and a biorefinery. Biokraft is interested in expanding its
LBG producing business at Skogn.
4.4.2 Treklyngen in Hønefoss, Buskerud
In Hønefoss, the crisis of Norske Skog was the starting point for new development. In 2012, Norske Skog’s pulp and paper mill at Follum, close to
Hønefoss, was closed and sold for 60 million NOK to Viken Skog under the
condition that the paper production had to be stopped and the equipment
dismantled.
Viken Skog is a cooperative with a membership of about 11,000 forest
owners, which means a very high degree of ownership fragmentation.
Viken Skog established Treklyngen as a subsidiary to establish a forest-
based cluster with several firms exploiting forest resources differently to how
gases, including biogas, and is part of the international Linde Group. For
access to the aquaculture residues Biokraft has contracts with Scanbio and
other companies on the delivery of the residues.
At the national level the Biokraft project twice received funding from
Enova and once received a loan from Innovation Norway. The government
budget in 2014 abolished tax exemptions for LPG, which enabled LBG to
become competitive in price. And in 2015 the government introduced an
economic compensation scheme for public buses fuelled with biogas. These
decisions enabled a long- term market for LBG in the region.
The municipality of Levanger where Norske Skog Skogn is located was
very much in favour of the biogas plant and also functioned as an important
enabler.
As a result of the collaboration, Biokraft will process waste water from the
pulp and paper plant, which is a mixture of biological sludge and water. After
processing the waste water together with the fish residues, Biokraft delivers
water back to Norske Skog Skogn. A dry bio- residual will be delivered as a
fertiliser to farmers nearby through a local entrepreneur. This resource will be
useful for upgrading soil. The farmers already know the quality of this bioresidual. Norske Skog Skogn in turn will receive a substrate which will reduce
their need for urea. The biogas is chilled down and liquefied, before being
sold as LBG to AGA. Following this it is used to fuel the regional public bus
transport system. A barrier to the usage of LBG is the lack of extended filling
infrastructure for LBG. Norway’s focus on electrical mobility has left little
attention for the development of necessary filling infrastructure for LBG.
In the case of Norske Skog Skogn we see a dominance of path extension
due to the focus on the incremental improvement of their traditional newspaper paper production, which remains their core product. However, we can
also see elements of path renewal, since the company has engaged in collaboration with a new industry in order to produce biogas from pulp and paper
residues and the waste water, and even co- create future plans for developing
totally new industries within the industrial area, such as introducing landbased fish- farming and a biorefinery. Biokraft is interested in expanding its
LBG producing business at Skogn.
4.4.2 Treklyngen in Hønefoss, Buskerud
In Hønefoss, the crisis of Norske Skog was the starting point for new development. In 2012, Norske Skog’s pulp and paper mill at Follum, close to
Hønefoss, was closed and sold for 60 million NOK to Viken Skog under the
condition that the paper production had to be stopped and the equipment
dismantled.
Viken Skog is a cooperative with a membership of about 11,000 forest
owners, which means a very high degree of ownership fragmentation.
Viken Skog established Treklyngen as a subsidiary to establish a forest-
based cluster with several firms exploiting forest resources differently to how