14
to be used, which should be those adapted to the implantation site, with the dual
purpose of avoiding maladaptation processes of the implanted individuals and preventing genetic contamination of the forest patches that remain within or surrounding the area under restoration (e.g., Vander Mijnsbrugge et al. 2010, and see Chap.
18). Some of these projects have explicitly considered the genetic origin of the seed
for the production of the seedlings used. However, this is an unusual consideration
in Argentina, since, for native species, commercial nurseries rarely record the provenance of the seed they are using. Technicians still need to be formed and trained on
the importance of considering the genetic factor in the industrial production of seedlings of native species. Equally necessary is the generation of knowledge about the
gene pools of native species, at least in the main species of each forest ecoregion. In
this sense, this book hopes to contribute to the dissemination of current knowledge
in this regard.
The certification of the sustainable use of native forests by independent and internationally recognized institutions is a safeguard that society is increasingly imposing to prevent the loss or degradation of natural forest ecosystems. This mode of
action through non-governmental organizations is an indirect strategy of the organized civil society that resort to the “market” as a non-punitive regulator.
Since 2002, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has certified in Argentina the
sustainable management of forests, including all the links in the chain of custody of
the transformation of the raw material to a final product. In the third quarter of 2019,
FSC reported 117 chains of custody certificates in Argentina and a certified forest
area of 467,585 ha distributed over 11 sustainable management certificates (https://
fsc.org/es/page/datos-y-cifras).
In 2010, the Argentine Forest Certification System (CERFOAR) was created in
Argentina to promote good practices in the forest and ensure that both wood and
non-timber forest products are produced respecting the highest ecological, social,
and ethical standards. In 2014 CERFOAR was approved in the Program for the
Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) scheme, which is a global scheme that
establishes requirements for forest certification, including the maintenance or
improvement of biodiversity and the prohibition of forest conversion (plantations
resulting from the replacement of natural forests cannot be certified). In the third
quarter of 2019, CERFOAR reported the certification of forest plantations of two of
the largest forestry companies in Argentina, and the chains of custody of 14 companies that use raw materials of forest origin (https://www.pefc.org.ar/index.php/emprecertificad/menuempregfs).
1.7 Domestication of Forest Tree Species
In the agricultural sciences, the domestication of wild species involves selection
processes that lead to the constitution of highly productive gene pools that, at the
same time, are dependent on artificial management systems. The ecologically
advantageous qualities for the perpetuation of the species in a natural way are
M. J. Pastorino
to be used, which should be those adapted to the implantation site, with the dual
purpose of avoiding maladaptation processes of the implanted individuals and preventing genetic contamination of the forest patches that remain within or surrounding the area under restoration (e.g., Vander Mijnsbrugge et al. 2010, and see Chap.
18). Some of these projects have explicitly considered the genetic origin of the seed
for the production of the seedlings used. However, this is an unusual consideration
in Argentina, since, for native species, commercial nurseries rarely record the provenance of the seed they are using. Technicians still need to be formed and trained on
the importance of considering the genetic factor in the industrial production of seedlings of native species. Equally necessary is the generation of knowledge about the
gene pools of native species, at least in the main species of each forest ecoregion. In
this sense, this book hopes to contribute to the dissemination of current knowledge
in this regard.
The certification of the sustainable use of native forests by independent and internationally recognized institutions is a safeguard that society is increasingly imposing to prevent the loss or degradation of natural forest ecosystems. This mode of
action through non-governmental organizations is an indirect strategy of the organized civil society that resort to the “market” as a non-punitive regulator.
Since 2002, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has certified in Argentina the
sustainable management of forests, including all the links in the chain of custody of
the transformation of the raw material to a final product. In the third quarter of 2019,
FSC reported 117 chains of custody certificates in Argentina and a certified forest
area of 467,585 ha distributed over 11 sustainable management certificates (https://
fsc.org/es/page/datos-y-cifras).
In 2010, the Argentine Forest Certification System (CERFOAR) was created in
Argentina to promote good practices in the forest and ensure that both wood and
non-timber forest products are produced respecting the highest ecological, social,
and ethical standards. In 2014 CERFOAR was approved in the Program for the
Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) scheme, which is a global scheme that
establishes requirements for forest certification, including the maintenance or
improvement of biodiversity and the prohibition of forest conversion (plantations
resulting from the replacement of natural forests cannot be certified). In the third
quarter of 2019, CERFOAR reported the certification of forest plantations of two of
the largest forestry companies in Argentina, and the chains of custody of 14 companies that use raw materials of forest origin (https://www.pefc.org.ar/index.php/emprecertificad/menuempregfs).
1.7 Domestication of Forest Tree Species
In the agricultural sciences, the domestication of wild species involves selection
processes that lead to the constitution of highly productive gene pools that, at the
same time, are dependent on artificial management systems. The ecologically
advantageous qualities for the perpetuation of the species in a natural way are
M. J. Pastorino