Index 269
uncontrolled disposal, 195
mechanical sorting, 198
fermentable materials, 198
free-of-charge disposal, 198
misleading name, 198
products, 198
recycling by manual sorting, 199–200
sorting centres, 199
success, 200
unacceptable waste, 200
recycling with sorting at source, 199
cost effectiveness, 199
recycling programme, 199
sorted-out materials, 199
urban solid waste, 199
residuals landfill, 200
reuse, 198–199
advantage, 198–199
energy requirement, 199
potential environmental
burdening, 199
sanitary landfill, 196–197
lack of social acceptance, 197
monitoring, 197
volatile organic compounds, 197
waste collection, 196
social reactions, 194
special solid waste management, 200
USW valorisation, possibilities for,
195
Urban solid waste (USW) pollution,
123–125
environmental degradation, 123
fertilisers, 123
integrated management of USW, 125
lack of management, 123, 124
local air pollution, 124
metals present in USW, 125
quantity of USW, 124
risk of forest fires, 124
rubbish, 123
social participation, 123
urban wastewater, 123
USW, see Urban solid waste
management; Urban solid
waste pollution
Utopia, 5
v
Vaccinations, introduction of, 46
Vegetation, 107
Viruses, 11
VOCs, see Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
126, 139, 172, 197
w
Water
cycle, 64
drinking
arsenic in, 151
chromium in, 149
fluoridated, 151
lead in, 146
nickel in, 150
economy, deserts, 90
importance of, 210
nutrient salts in, 60
raw, treatment problems, 165
storing winter water discharges, 210
treatment technology, 221
underground, 167
wastewater, 189, 211
Water pollution, 159–168
control technology, 189–191
aim of biological treatment, 190
biochemical oxygen demand, 189
biological treatment factors, 191
black wastewater, 189
industrial liquid wastes, 191
liquid waste of cities, 189
oxidation, 190
purpose of disinfection, 190
reused wastewater, 189
sludge stabilisation, 191
treatment stages, 189, 190
oil, 167–168
accidental spills, 167
amounts released into oceans, 167
biological breakdown, 168
carcinogens, 167–168
fish, damage to, 168
organic matter (oxygen depletion),
160–161
biochemical oxygen demand, 161
dissolved oxygen, 160, 161
organic matter, 161
saturation concentration, 161
pathogenic microorganisms
(contamination), 165–166
coliform bacteria, 166
uncontrolled disposal, 195
mechanical sorting, 198
fermentable materials, 198
free-of-charge disposal, 198
misleading name, 198
products, 198
recycling by manual sorting, 199–200
sorting centres, 199
success, 200
unacceptable waste, 200
recycling with sorting at source, 199
cost effectiveness, 199
recycling programme, 199
sorted-out materials, 199
urban solid waste, 199
residuals landfill, 200
reuse, 198–199
advantage, 198–199
energy requirement, 199
potential environmental
burdening, 199
sanitary landfill, 196–197
lack of social acceptance, 197
monitoring, 197
volatile organic compounds, 197
waste collection, 196
social reactions, 194
special solid waste management, 200
USW valorisation, possibilities for,
195
Urban solid waste (USW) pollution,
123–125
environmental degradation, 123
fertilisers, 123
integrated management of USW, 125
lack of management, 123, 124
local air pollution, 124
metals present in USW, 125
quantity of USW, 124
risk of forest fires, 124
rubbish, 123
social participation, 123
urban wastewater, 123
USW, see Urban solid waste
management; Urban solid
waste pollution
Utopia, 5
v
Vaccinations, introduction of, 46
Vegetation, 107
Viruses, 11
VOCs, see Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
126, 139, 172, 197
w
Water
cycle, 64
drinking
arsenic in, 151
chromium in, 149
fluoridated, 151
lead in, 146
nickel in, 150
economy, deserts, 90
importance of, 210
nutrient salts in, 60
raw, treatment problems, 165
storing winter water discharges, 210
treatment technology, 221
underground, 167
wastewater, 189, 211
Water pollution, 159–168
control technology, 189–191
aim of biological treatment, 190
biochemical oxygen demand, 189
biological treatment factors, 191
black wastewater, 189
industrial liquid wastes, 191
liquid waste of cities, 189
oxidation, 190
purpose of disinfection, 190
reused wastewater, 189
sludge stabilisation, 191
treatment stages, 189, 190
oil, 167–168
accidental spills, 167
amounts released into oceans, 167
biological breakdown, 168
carcinogens, 167–168
fish, damage to, 168
organic matter (oxygen depletion),
160–161
biochemical oxygen demand, 161
dissolved oxygen, 160, 161
organic matter, 161
saturation concentration, 161
pathogenic microorganisms
(contamination), 165–166
coliform bacteria, 166