Index 255
hazards, 223
international mutual influence,
224
Malthusian views, 223
non-renewable natural resources,
226
positions and goals, 227
self-constraint, 225
world population, 224
Enzymes, 14
enzymatic reaction, 14
extracellular, 16
maximum potency, 14
Michaelis-Menten relationship, 14
Epilimnion, 78
Epiphytes, 88
Escherichia coli, 16
Euphotic zone, 22, 164
Eutrophication
nutrients and, 77
phosphate fertilisers and, 72
phosphorous and nitrogen, 161–165
accumulation of radioactivity, 165
ammonium nitrogen, 162
biomagnification, 165
compensation point, 164
decomposing microorganisms, 162
emergence of toxicity, 164
euphotic zone, 164
eutrophication, 164
less clarity, 164
limiting factor, 163
nutritive salts, 163
oxygen depletion, 164
photosynthesis, 163
poisoning cases, 164–165
scum creation, 165
self-perpetuating eutrophication,
164
Evolution, natural selection and, 40–41
genetic variety, pre-existing, 40
human brain, 40
insect populations, 40
mechanism of evolution, 40
mutations, 40
predator-prey systems, 41
Exploitation competition, 33
Exponential convergence, 243
Exponential deviation, 244
Exponential model (population), 29–30,
42
F
Family planning programmes, 47, 50
Fauna, 107
Fertilisers
artificial, 69
phosphate, 72
waste products used as, 123
Fish, 19
Fixed width oscillation, 245
Fluorine compounds, 151–152
accumulation, 151
drinking water, 151
individual application, 152
industrial activities and, 151
toxicity debate, 151
Food chains (trophic levels), 52–54
autotrophic-photosynthetic
organisms, 52
bacteria and fungi, 53
consumers, 52
decomposers, 53
energy flow, 53
energy losses, 54
heterotrophic-chemosynthetic
organisms, 52
producers, 52
pyramid of masses, 53
Forest ecosystem, 87–89
Amazon forest, 88
characteristic species, 87
consumer organisms, 88
epiphytes, 88
jungle, 88
maquis, 88
ratio of leaf biomass to new wood
production, 88
recycling and symbiosis mechanisms,
88
species diversity, 88
taiga, 87
trees, 88
tropical forest, 88
Fossil fuels
acid rain and, 173
deposits, creation of, 57
reserves, 67
Freshwater ecosystems, 99–100
carbon cycle, 100
hydrological function, 99
lake, 99
lotic ecosystem, 99
hazards, 223
international mutual influence,
224
Malthusian views, 223
non-renewable natural resources,
226
positions and goals, 227
self-constraint, 225
world population, 224
Enzymes, 14
enzymatic reaction, 14
extracellular, 16
maximum potency, 14
Michaelis-Menten relationship, 14
Epilimnion, 78
Epiphytes, 88
Escherichia coli, 16
Euphotic zone, 22, 164
Eutrophication
nutrients and, 77
phosphate fertilisers and, 72
phosphorous and nitrogen, 161–165
accumulation of radioactivity, 165
ammonium nitrogen, 162
biomagnification, 165
compensation point, 164
decomposing microorganisms, 162
emergence of toxicity, 164
euphotic zone, 164
eutrophication, 164
less clarity, 164
limiting factor, 163
nutritive salts, 163
oxygen depletion, 164
photosynthesis, 163
poisoning cases, 164–165
scum creation, 165
self-perpetuating eutrophication,
164
Evolution, natural selection and, 40–41
genetic variety, pre-existing, 40
human brain, 40
insect populations, 40
mechanism of evolution, 40
mutations, 40
predator-prey systems, 41
Exploitation competition, 33
Exponential convergence, 243
Exponential deviation, 244
Exponential model (population), 29–30,
42
F
Family planning programmes, 47, 50
Fauna, 107
Fertilisers
artificial, 69
phosphate, 72
waste products used as, 123
Fish, 19
Fixed width oscillation, 245
Fluorine compounds, 151–152
accumulation, 151
drinking water, 151
individual application, 152
industrial activities and, 151
toxicity debate, 151
Food chains (trophic levels), 52–54
autotrophic-photosynthetic
organisms, 52
bacteria and fungi, 53
consumers, 52
decomposers, 53
energy flow, 53
energy losses, 54
heterotrophic-chemosynthetic
organisms, 52
producers, 52
pyramid of masses, 53
Forest ecosystem, 87–89
Amazon forest, 88
characteristic species, 87
consumer organisms, 88
epiphytes, 88
jungle, 88
maquis, 88
ratio of leaf biomass to new wood
production, 88
recycling and symbiosis mechanisms,
88
species diversity, 88
taiga, 87
trees, 88
tropical forest, 88
Fossil fuels
acid rain and, 173
deposits, creation of, 57
reserves, 67
Freshwater ecosystems, 99–100
carbon cycle, 100
hydrological function, 99
lake, 99
lotic ecosystem, 99