Index 253
eutrophication of aquatic
ecosystems, 70
natural fixation, 68
nitrification, 69
perturbation, 70
prepared proteins, 68
producer organisms, 67, 68
reservoirs, 69
oxygen cycle, 70–71
excessive oxygen production, 70
human action, 71
need for oxygen, 70
opposite image of carbon cycle, 70
ozone layer, 71
phosphorous cycle, 71–72
eutrophication, 72
human activity, 72
imperfect cycle, 71
limiting factor, 72
ocean upward currents, 72
recycling, 72
as regulator of biogeochemical
cycles, 71
reservoir, 72
urban fluid discharges, 72
Ecosystems, see also Systems and
ecosystems
aquatic, 77–82
autumn, 78
availability of nutrients, 77
benthos, 77
burdening of, 70
consumer organisms, 81
decomposition of organisms, 80
epilimnion, 78
eutrophication, 77
great inversion, 78
hypolimnion, 78
increase of UV-B in, 175
materials transfer, 78
mathematical model of a lake,
80–82
nekton, 77
oligotrophism to eutrophism, 78
oxygen and nutrient profiles in
the ocean, 79
phosphorous, 82
plankton, 77
pollution, 77
producer organisms, 81
seasonal inversions, 80
spring, 80
temperature layering and
seasonal inversions, 78–80
temperature zone’s deep lake, 79
trophic and other characteristics
of aquatic ecosystems, 77–78
winter, 80
characterisation, 10
cohesion, 74
complexity, 8
coral reef, 75
energy flow in, 55
forest, 87–89
Amazon forest, 88
characteristic species, 87
consumer organisms, 88
epiphytes, 88
jungle, 88
maquis, 88
ratio of leaf biomass to new wood
production, 88
recycling and symbiosis
mechanisms, 88
species diversity, 88
taiga, 87
trees, 88
tropical forest, 88
freshwater, 99–100
carbon cycle, 100
hydrological function, 99
lake, 99
lotic ecosystem, 99
nitrogen cycle, 100
phosphorous cycle, 100
river, 99
water course, 99
watershed, 99
wetland, 99–100
interconnected, 62
long-term persistence of, 8
marine, 98–99
aquatic plants, 99
benthic microflora, 99
compartments, 98
estuary, 98–99
ocean, 98
phytoplankton, 99
sea bottom ecosystems, 98
mature, 57
Mediterranean coastal, 104
natural, 75
non-natural, 58
eutrophication of aquatic
ecosystems, 70
natural fixation, 68
nitrification, 69
perturbation, 70
prepared proteins, 68
producer organisms, 67, 68
reservoirs, 69
oxygen cycle, 70–71
excessive oxygen production, 70
human action, 71
need for oxygen, 70
opposite image of carbon cycle, 70
ozone layer, 71
phosphorous cycle, 71–72
eutrophication, 72
human activity, 72
imperfect cycle, 71
limiting factor, 72
ocean upward currents, 72
recycling, 72
as regulator of biogeochemical
cycles, 71
reservoir, 72
urban fluid discharges, 72
Ecosystems, see also Systems and
ecosystems
aquatic, 77–82
autumn, 78
availability of nutrients, 77
benthos, 77
burdening of, 70
consumer organisms, 81
decomposition of organisms, 80
epilimnion, 78
eutrophication, 77
great inversion, 78
hypolimnion, 78
increase of UV-B in, 175
materials transfer, 78
mathematical model of a lake,
80–82
nekton, 77
oligotrophism to eutrophism, 78
oxygen and nutrient profiles in
the ocean, 79
phosphorous, 82
plankton, 77
pollution, 77
producer organisms, 81
seasonal inversions, 80
spring, 80
temperature layering and
seasonal inversions, 78–80
temperature zone’s deep lake, 79
trophic and other characteristics
of aquatic ecosystems, 77–78
winter, 80
characterisation, 10
cohesion, 74
complexity, 8
coral reef, 75
energy flow in, 55
forest, 87–89
Amazon forest, 88
characteristic species, 87
consumer organisms, 88
epiphytes, 88
jungle, 88
maquis, 88
ratio of leaf biomass to new wood
production, 88
recycling and symbiosis
mechanisms, 88
species diversity, 88
taiga, 87
trees, 88
tropical forest, 88
freshwater, 99–100
carbon cycle, 100
hydrological function, 99
lake, 99
lotic ecosystem, 99
nitrogen cycle, 100
phosphorous cycle, 100
river, 99
water course, 99
watershed, 99
wetland, 99–100
interconnected, 62
long-term persistence of, 8
marine, 98–99
aquatic plants, 99
benthic microflora, 99
compartments, 98
estuary, 98–99
ocean, 98
phytoplankton, 99
sea bottom ecosystems, 98
mature, 57
Mediterranean coastal, 104
natural, 75
non-natural, 58