this case, however this method needs more evaluations to see if nematodes can reach
the holes or not before the desiccation. Even if using nematodes can cause 30%
mortality in orchards it worth to use, because this pest can destroy a walnut orchard
in few years. Using different methods along application of EPNs in IPM programs
against this pest is promising.
Fig. 12.2 Field application of entomopathogenic nematodes against the leopard moth borer,
Zeuzera pyrina. A suspension of 2000 IJs per active hole, using a 60 cc plastic syringe injected
into the galleries bored in tree stems or branches (a, b). Ten days’ post application, marked branches
were collected and transferred to the laboratory (c, d). The larvae of Z. pyrina were excerpted from
the galleries and the number of alive and dead larva was determined. Dead larvae of leopard moth
borer infected with Steinernema carpocapsae inside the branch (e) which dissection of cadaver
showed developing nematodes (f). (Courtesy of E. Salari, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad)
12 Entomopathogenic and Insect Parasitic Nematodes
495