– Addressing more diverse isolates of EPFs from various regions of the country,
screening the isolates and selecting the most appropriate ones for specific uses.
– Extensive research to gain an in-depth understanding of the critical ecological
factors affecting on virulence and persistence of EPFs in various crop situations.
– Increasing fungal stability by making advances in fungal nutrition, mass production and formulation techniques.
– Extending the role of fungal pesticides for farmers, especially those how to deal
with greenhouses.
– Highlighting the role of agricultural practices in conservation of natural occurring
fungi, like those of the Sunn pest.
– Developing education about EPF potential use strategies, their cost, and other
factors which have a major influence on using EPF.
– Investigating the role of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes.
– Attempting to explore the role of EPFs as plant growth promoters and long term
protectants against pest and diseases.
Acknowledgment The authors appreciate Stephan Jaronski for critical review and edit the last
version of the manuscript and Surendra K Dara for his suggestion on early draft of chapter. The
authors thank from Shokoofeh Kamali for assistance in the images processing.
References
Aboutalebian A, Toorani AH, Abbasipour H, Heydari S, Amiri B (2017) Comparison of effects of
microbial pesticides on the rice green leaf semi-looper, Naranga aenescens in field conditions.
Paper presented at the 8th national conference on Biological Control in Agriculture and Natural
Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht, 1–2 November 2017
Adeli A, Abaei M (1989) Study of harmful pests of saxaul plants of Iran. Annual report of research
project. Tehran, Iran, Environmental Research Studies Center, University of Tehran
Aghajanzadeh S, Taheri H (2018) Study on efficiency of different isolates of Lecanicillium
muscarium against Pulvinaria aurantii. Biol Control Pest Plant Dis 6(2):257–260
Ajamhassani M (2014) Cellular reactions of Spodoptera littura (Fabricus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
against entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. Plant Pest Res 4(2):59–68. (in Persian)
Ajamhassani M (2019) Study on morphology and frequency of hemocytes in Osphranteria
coerulescense (Redt) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera:
Cossidae) larvae, two wood boring insects of Iran. Iran J For Range Prot Res 17(1):96–106
Akbari Asl MHA, Talebi AA, Kamali H, Kazemi S (2009) Stored product pests and their parasitoid
wasps in Mashhad. Iran Adv Environ Biol 3(3):239–243
Akbarian J, Ghosta Y, Shayesteh N, Safavi SA (2012) Pathogenicity of some isolates of Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin on 2nd and 4th larval
instars of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae),
under laboratory conditions. Afr J Microbiol Res 6(34):6407–6413
Alizadeh A, Kharrazi Pakdel A, Talebi K, Samih MA (2007) Effect of some Beauveria bassiana
(Bals.) Viull. isolates on common Pistachio psyllam Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut. Int
J Agric Biol 9(1):76–79
Amiri Karizkani SH, Moravvej G, Sadeghi Namaghi H (2017) Pathogenecity of Beauveria
bassiana on adult and nymphal stage of vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus under laboratory
11 Fungal Entomopathogens of Order Hypocreales
471
screening the isolates and selecting the most appropriate ones for specific uses.
– Extensive research to gain an in-depth understanding of the critical ecological
factors affecting on virulence and persistence of EPFs in various crop situations.
– Increasing fungal stability by making advances in fungal nutrition, mass production and formulation techniques.
– Extending the role of fungal pesticides for farmers, especially those how to deal
with greenhouses.
– Highlighting the role of agricultural practices in conservation of natural occurring
fungi, like those of the Sunn pest.
– Developing education about EPF potential use strategies, their cost, and other
factors which have a major influence on using EPF.
– Investigating the role of fungal entomopathogens as endophytes.
– Attempting to explore the role of EPFs as plant growth promoters and long term
protectants against pest and diseases.
Acknowledgment The authors appreciate Stephan Jaronski for critical review and edit the last
version of the manuscript and Surendra K Dara for his suggestion on early draft of chapter. The
authors thank from Shokoofeh Kamali for assistance in the images processing.
References
Aboutalebian A, Toorani AH, Abbasipour H, Heydari S, Amiri B (2017) Comparison of effects of
microbial pesticides on the rice green leaf semi-looper, Naranga aenescens in field conditions.
Paper presented at the 8th national conference on Biological Control in Agriculture and Natural
Resources, University of Guilan, Rasht, 1–2 November 2017
Adeli A, Abaei M (1989) Study of harmful pests of saxaul plants of Iran. Annual report of research
project. Tehran, Iran, Environmental Research Studies Center, University of Tehran
Aghajanzadeh S, Taheri H (2018) Study on efficiency of different isolates of Lecanicillium
muscarium against Pulvinaria aurantii. Biol Control Pest Plant Dis 6(2):257–260
Ajamhassani M (2014) Cellular reactions of Spodoptera littura (Fabricus) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
against entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana. Plant Pest Res 4(2):59–68. (in Persian)
Ajamhassani M (2019) Study on morphology and frequency of hemocytes in Osphranteria
coerulescense (Redt) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera:
Cossidae) larvae, two wood boring insects of Iran. Iran J For Range Prot Res 17(1):96–106
Akbari Asl MHA, Talebi AA, Kamali H, Kazemi S (2009) Stored product pests and their parasitoid
wasps in Mashhad. Iran Adv Environ Biol 3(3):239–243
Akbarian J, Ghosta Y, Shayesteh N, Safavi SA (2012) Pathogenicity of some isolates of Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin on 2nd and 4th larval
instars of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae),
under laboratory conditions. Afr J Microbiol Res 6(34):6407–6413
Alizadeh A, Kharrazi Pakdel A, Talebi K, Samih MA (2007) Effect of some Beauveria bassiana
(Bals.) Viull. isolates on common Pistachio psyllam Agonoscena pistaciae Burck. and Laut. Int
J Agric Biol 9(1):76–79
Amiri Karizkani SH, Moravvej G, Sadeghi Namaghi H (2017) Pathogenecity of Beauveria
bassiana on adult and nymphal stage of vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus under laboratory
11 Fungal Entomopathogens of Order Hypocreales
471