with B. bassiana were repeatable and readily observed. The immune response of the
fourth instar larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to two
isolates of B. bassiana (Fashand and 47) were investigated by Pourali and Ajam
Hassani (2017). Total hemocyte count for plasmatocytes and granulocytes increased
significantly after three hours post infection compared to control. This increase in the
number of hemocysts in in response to Fashand was clearly seen. The total hemocyte
count, Plasmatocytes and granulocytes number decreased gradually at six and ten
hours after injection.
11.8 Stored Product Pests
Stored products are vulnerable to infestation by many species of insects and mites.
The impact of pests is not only direct in terms of weight loss or expense of sanitation,
but also indirect because of toxic effects, allergy or environmental problems from
excessive use of chemical treatments. Effective protective pest management
approaches should be frequently applied to prevent stored pest infestation. To be
efficient and environmentally safe, stored product production should be accomplished by different pest management programs (Akbari Asl et al. 2009; Forghani
and Marouf 2015). Several studies have been conducted on efficiency of EPF as
biocontrol agents for control of stored product pests (Table 11.4). These studies have
shown promising results indicating that these fungi could developed for integrated
pest management of some important pest in the country.
Selection of the most virulent isolate from three isolates of B. bassiana (IRAN
441C, IRAN 403C and IRAN 440C) and the effect of temperature on germination
and radial growth and virulence were studied on larvae and adult stages of
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (Latifian et al. 2009). There
were significant differences in germination and radial growth among the isolates at
different temperatures. IRAN 441C had the greatest germination and radial growth at
wide range of temperatures. Khashaveh and Sakenin Chelav (2013) evaluated the
pathogenicity of Iranian isolates of M. anisopliae against Sitophilus granarius
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
and O. surinamensis. All isolates were virulent for these species and mortality
increased with increasing concentration and time. The cumulative mortality
10 days after treatment varied from 62.8% with IRAN715C for O. surinamensis to
90% with IRAN1081C for T. castaneum. In conclusion, S. granarius is the most
susceptible of the species. Masoudi et al. (2013) surveyed the virulence of 66 isolates
of Beauveria spp. and the role of conidial count on biocontrol efficiency of
Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Out of the 66 isolates tested, 65 isolates demonstrated a mean mortality rate greater than 22% in 12 days post inoculation. The number of produced spores on culture media had significant differences
among isolates. There seemed to be direct correlation between virulence and conidial
production; isolates with more conidial production were more virulent. In contrast,
466
H. Askary et al.
fourth instar larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to two
isolates of B. bassiana (Fashand and 47) were investigated by Pourali and Ajam
Hassani (2017). Total hemocyte count for plasmatocytes and granulocytes increased
significantly after three hours post infection compared to control. This increase in the
number of hemocysts in in response to Fashand was clearly seen. The total hemocyte
count, Plasmatocytes and granulocytes number decreased gradually at six and ten
hours after injection.
11.8 Stored Product Pests
Stored products are vulnerable to infestation by many species of insects and mites.
The impact of pests is not only direct in terms of weight loss or expense of sanitation,
but also indirect because of toxic effects, allergy or environmental problems from
excessive use of chemical treatments. Effective protective pest management
approaches should be frequently applied to prevent stored pest infestation. To be
efficient and environmentally safe, stored product production should be accomplished by different pest management programs (Akbari Asl et al. 2009; Forghani
and Marouf 2015). Several studies have been conducted on efficiency of EPF as
biocontrol agents for control of stored product pests (Table 11.4). These studies have
shown promising results indicating that these fungi could developed for integrated
pest management of some important pest in the country.
Selection of the most virulent isolate from three isolates of B. bassiana (IRAN
441C, IRAN 403C and IRAN 440C) and the effect of temperature on germination
and radial growth and virulence were studied on larvae and adult stages of
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) (Latifian et al. 2009). There
were significant differences in germination and radial growth among the isolates at
different temperatures. IRAN 441C had the greatest germination and radial growth at
wide range of temperatures. Khashaveh and Sakenin Chelav (2013) evaluated the
pathogenicity of Iranian isolates of M. anisopliae against Sitophilus granarius
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
and O. surinamensis. All isolates were virulent for these species and mortality
increased with increasing concentration and time. The cumulative mortality
10 days after treatment varied from 62.8% with IRAN715C for O. surinamensis to
90% with IRAN1081C for T. castaneum. In conclusion, S. granarius is the most
susceptible of the species. Masoudi et al. (2013) surveyed the virulence of 66 isolates
of Beauveria spp. and the role of conidial count on biocontrol efficiency of
Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Out of the 66 isolates tested, 65 isolates demonstrated a mean mortality rate greater than 22% in 12 days post inoculation. The number of produced spores on culture media had significant differences
among isolates. There seemed to be direct correlation between virulence and conidial
production; isolates with more conidial production were more virulent. In contrast,
466
H. Askary et al.