virulence of the most effective isolate, LRC216 on its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The results indicated that the larval stage of the
parasitoid was more susceptible than the pupa to fungus application; the adult
parasitoid had low susceptibility to fungus treatment. Also they found the parasitoid
displayed a preference for the healthy whitefly nymphs. So a negative effect of
simultaneous application of fungus and parasitoid within integrated pest management for T. vaporariorum could be reduced (Fazeli-Dinan et al. 2016a).
In another survey, Jarrahi and Safavi (2016) examined effect of two native
isolates of M. anisopliae M14 and DEMIOO1 on biological parameters of parasitoid
wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking larval stage of
cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bioassay experiment revealed that M14 isolate caused higher mortality than DEMIOO1, but its
sub-lethal effect on the intrinsic rate of population growth (r m ), finite rate of increase
(λ) and net reproductive rate (R 0 ) weren’t affected by this fungal isolate. Therefore,
Ml4 isolate had no negative effect on biological parameters of H. hebetor and can be
used within integrated pest management program.
These results could be useful for design the management programs for susceptible
pests to fungi, especially for pests in greenhouses. Due to an increasing trend of
greenhouse areas in most provinces of the country, which have reached to about
15,000 ha, the combined use of EPFs with other agents will be a promising manner
for greenhouse management.
11.5 Researches on Entomopathogenic Fungi on Crops
11.5.1 Cereal (Wheat) Pests
11.5.1.1 Sunn Pest
Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is the key pest of
cereals in Central and West Asia and East Europe (Javahery 1995). During spring
and early summer, E. integriceps attack cereals especially wheat by feeding on
leaves, stems and grains, reducing yield and injecting a toxin into the grains which
reduce the quality of flour (Hariri et al. 2000; Brown 1965).
In the absence of control measures, infestations can lead to 100% crop loss
(Javahery 1995; Amir-Maafi et al. 2007). During spring and early summer, the
pest feeds on wheat and barley in the fields and then migrates to the hills and
mountains for the rest of the year which is called overwintering period (Brown
1965). The Sunn pest spends a dormant period of some nine months at overwintering
sites, under some plants such as Astragalus sp., Artemisia sp., Acantholimon
bracteatum, Quercus sp., Amygdalus sp. and Crataegus aronia. After hibernation,
adult migrates again to farms at early spring, feed, mate and lay eggs on cereal leaves
and weeds (Amir-Maafi et al. 2007; Schuh and Slater 1995).
11 Fungal Entomopathogens of Order Hypocreales
449
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The results indicated that the larval stage of the
parasitoid was more susceptible than the pupa to fungus application; the adult
parasitoid had low susceptibility to fungus treatment. Also they found the parasitoid
displayed a preference for the healthy whitefly nymphs. So a negative effect of
simultaneous application of fungus and parasitoid within integrated pest management for T. vaporariorum could be reduced (Fazeli-Dinan et al. 2016a).
In another survey, Jarrahi and Safavi (2016) examined effect of two native
isolates of M. anisopliae M14 and DEMIOO1 on biological parameters of parasitoid
wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attacking larval stage of
cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bioassay experiment revealed that M14 isolate caused higher mortality than DEMIOO1, but its
sub-lethal effect on the intrinsic rate of population growth (r m ), finite rate of increase
(λ) and net reproductive rate (R 0 ) weren’t affected by this fungal isolate. Therefore,
Ml4 isolate had no negative effect on biological parameters of H. hebetor and can be
used within integrated pest management program.
These results could be useful for design the management programs for susceptible
pests to fungi, especially for pests in greenhouses. Due to an increasing trend of
greenhouse areas in most provinces of the country, which have reached to about
15,000 ha, the combined use of EPFs with other agents will be a promising manner
for greenhouse management.
11.5 Researches on Entomopathogenic Fungi on Crops
11.5.1 Cereal (Wheat) Pests
11.5.1.1 Sunn Pest
Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is the key pest of
cereals in Central and West Asia and East Europe (Javahery 1995). During spring
and early summer, E. integriceps attack cereals especially wheat by feeding on
leaves, stems and grains, reducing yield and injecting a toxin into the grains which
reduce the quality of flour (Hariri et al. 2000; Brown 1965).
In the absence of control measures, infestations can lead to 100% crop loss
(Javahery 1995; Amir-Maafi et al. 2007). During spring and early summer, the
pest feeds on wheat and barley in the fields and then migrates to the hills and
mountains for the rest of the year which is called overwintering period (Brown
1965). The Sunn pest spends a dormant period of some nine months at overwintering
sites, under some plants such as Astragalus sp., Artemisia sp., Acantholimon
bracteatum, Quercus sp., Amygdalus sp. and Crataegus aronia. After hibernation,
adult migrates again to farms at early spring, feed, mate and lay eggs on cereal leaves
and weeds (Amir-Maafi et al. 2007; Schuh and Slater 1995).
11 Fungal Entomopathogens of Order Hypocreales
449