van den Bosch R, Schlinger EI, Dietrick EJ, Hagen KS, Holloway JK (1959) The colonization and
establishment of imported parasites of the spotted alfalfa aphid in California. J Econ Entomol
52:136–141
van den Bosch R, Schlinger EI, Hagen KS (1962) Initial field observations in California on Trioxys
pallidus (Haliday) a recently introduced parasite of the walnut aphid. J Econ Entomol
55:857–862
van den Bosch R, Hom R, Matteson P, Frazer B, Messenger P, Davis C (1979) Biological control of
the walnut aphid in California: impact of the parasite, Trioxys pallidus. Calif Agric 47:1–13
van Lenteren J (2003) Need for quality control of massproduced biological control agents. In: van
Lenteren J (ed) Quality control and production of biological control agents: theory and testing
procedures. CABI, London, pp 1–18
van Steenis MJ, El-Khawass KAMH (1995) Behavior of Aphidius colemani searching for Aphis
gossypii: functional response and reaction to previously searched aphid colonies. Biocontrol Sci
Tech 5:339–348
van Veen FJF, Müller CB, Pell JK, HCJ G (2008) Food web structure of three guilds of natural
enemies: predators, parasitoids and pathogens of aphids. J Anim Ecol 77:191–200
Vinson SB, Scarborough TA (1991) Interactions between Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the parasitoid Lysiphlebus
testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 84:158–164
Völkl W (1992) Aphids or their parasitoids: who actually benefits from ant-attendance? J Anim
Ecol 61:273–281
Völkl W (1997) Interactions between ants and aphid parasitoids: patterns and consequences for
resource utilization. In: Dettner K, Bauer G, Völkl W (eds) Vertical food web interactions,
ecological studies (analysis and synthesis), vol 130. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 225–240
Völkl W, Kranz P (1995) Nocturnal activity and resource utilization in the aphid hyperparasitoid,
Dendrocerus carpenteri. Ecol Entomol 20:293–297
Völkl W, Kraus W (1996) Foraging behavior and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid
Pauesia unilachni: adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks. Entomol Exp Appl
79:101–109
Völkl W, Mackauer M (2000) Oviposition behavior of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,
Aphidiinae): morphological adaptations and evolutionary trends. Can Entomol 132:197–212
Völkl W, Novak H (1997) Foraging behavior and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid,
Pauesia pini (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on spruce: influence of host species and ant attendance. Eur J Entomol 94:211–220
Völkl W, Sullivan DJ (2000) Foraging behavior, host plant and host location in the aphid
hyperparasitoid Euneura augarus. Entomol Exp Appl 97:47–56
Völkl W, Hübner G, Dettner K (1994) Interactions between Alloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera,
Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: how an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense. J Chem Ecol 20:2901–2915
Vollhardt IM, Tscharntke T, Wäckers FL, Bianchi FJ, Thies C (2008) Diversity of cereal aphid
parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126:289–292
Walton VM, Chambers U, Olsen JL (2009) The current status of the newly invasive hazelnut aphid
in Oregon hazelnut orchards. Acta Hortic 845:479–485
Weber G (1985) Genetic variability in host plant adaptation of the green peach aphid, Myzus
persicae. Entomol Exp Appl 38:49–56
Wei JN, Bai BB, Yin TS, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao LH, Kuang RP, Xiang RJ (2005) Development
and use of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae & Aphelinidae) for biological control of
aphids in China. Biocontrol Sci Tech 15:533–551
Wells ML, Mcpherson RM, Ruberson JR (2001) Predation of parasitized and unparasitized cotton
aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by larvae of two coccinellids. J Entomol Sci 36:93–96
West SA (2009) Sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Wissinger SA (1997) Cyclic colonization in predictably ephemeral habitats: a template for biological control in annual crop systems. Biol Control 10:4–15
398
E. Rakhshani and P. Starý
establishment of imported parasites of the spotted alfalfa aphid in California. J Econ Entomol
52:136–141
van den Bosch R, Schlinger EI, Hagen KS (1962) Initial field observations in California on Trioxys
pallidus (Haliday) a recently introduced parasite of the walnut aphid. J Econ Entomol
55:857–862
van den Bosch R, Hom R, Matteson P, Frazer B, Messenger P, Davis C (1979) Biological control of
the walnut aphid in California: impact of the parasite, Trioxys pallidus. Calif Agric 47:1–13
van Lenteren J (2003) Need for quality control of massproduced biological control agents. In: van
Lenteren J (ed) Quality control and production of biological control agents: theory and testing
procedures. CABI, London, pp 1–18
van Steenis MJ, El-Khawass KAMH (1995) Behavior of Aphidius colemani searching for Aphis
gossypii: functional response and reaction to previously searched aphid colonies. Biocontrol Sci
Tech 5:339–348
van Veen FJF, Müller CB, Pell JK, HCJ G (2008) Food web structure of three guilds of natural
enemies: predators, parasitoids and pathogens of aphids. J Anim Ecol 77:191–200
Vinson SB, Scarborough TA (1991) Interactions between Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the parasitoid Lysiphlebus
testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 84:158–164
Völkl W (1992) Aphids or their parasitoids: who actually benefits from ant-attendance? J Anim
Ecol 61:273–281
Völkl W (1997) Interactions between ants and aphid parasitoids: patterns and consequences for
resource utilization. In: Dettner K, Bauer G, Völkl W (eds) Vertical food web interactions,
ecological studies (analysis and synthesis), vol 130. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 225–240
Völkl W, Kranz P (1995) Nocturnal activity and resource utilization in the aphid hyperparasitoid,
Dendrocerus carpenteri. Ecol Entomol 20:293–297
Völkl W, Kraus W (1996) Foraging behavior and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid
Pauesia unilachni: adaptation to host distribution and mortality risks. Entomol Exp Appl
79:101–109
Völkl W, Mackauer M (2000) Oviposition behavior of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,
Aphidiinae): morphological adaptations and evolutionary trends. Can Entomol 132:197–212
Völkl W, Novak H (1997) Foraging behavior and resource utilization of the aphid parasitoid,
Pauesia pini (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on spruce: influence of host species and ant attendance. Eur J Entomol 94:211–220
Völkl W, Sullivan DJ (2000) Foraging behavior, host plant and host location in the aphid
hyperparasitoid Euneura augarus. Entomol Exp Appl 97:47–56
Völkl W, Hübner G, Dettner K (1994) Interactions between Alloxysta brevis (Hymenoptera,
Cynipoidea, Alloxystidae) and honeydew-collecting ants: how an aphid hyperparasitoid overcomes ant aggression by chemical defense. J Chem Ecol 20:2901–2915
Vollhardt IM, Tscharntke T, Wäckers FL, Bianchi FJ, Thies C (2008) Diversity of cereal aphid
parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 126:289–292
Walton VM, Chambers U, Olsen JL (2009) The current status of the newly invasive hazelnut aphid
in Oregon hazelnut orchards. Acta Hortic 845:479–485
Weber G (1985) Genetic variability in host plant adaptation of the green peach aphid, Myzus
persicae. Entomol Exp Appl 38:49–56
Wei JN, Bai BB, Yin TS, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao LH, Kuang RP, Xiang RJ (2005) Development
and use of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae & Aphelinidae) for biological control of
aphids in China. Biocontrol Sci Tech 15:533–551
Wells ML, Mcpherson RM, Ruberson JR (2001) Predation of parasitized and unparasitized cotton
aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) by larvae of two coccinellids. J Entomol Sci 36:93–96
West SA (2009) Sex allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Wissinger SA (1997) Cyclic colonization in predictably ephemeral habitats: a template for biological control in annual crop systems. Biol Control 10:4–15
398
E. Rakhshani and P. Starý