dose-response curves after 1, 2 and 3 months storing in cold condition respectively.
This may explain the reason of scarceness of T. vassilievi in colder provinces.
Both T. grandis and O. fecundus showed tendency to temperature of 26
C in a
confined container in which a gradient between 15 and 50
C was created (NozadBonab et al. 2014; Ahmadpour et al. 2014). More than 85% of the former crowded in
spaces with temperatures between 20 and 32
C and 90% of the latter between
20 and 30
C.
Other Factors
Effect of the other factors like light intensity, photoperiod and relative humidity was
not extensively studied. A single observation shows that parasitism by T. grandis has
limited to days longer than 13: 11 h (L: D) photoperiod (Iranipour 1996). Quantitative measurements, showed limited effects of both photoperiod and light intensity
on T. grandis (Teimouri et al. 2019). Females reproduced and larvae developed even
in darkness. Foerster et al. (2004) found that cold temperatures in short days may
induce overwintering in T. basalis and Telenomus podisi.
Some species like T. simoni and Telenomus chloropus are distributed only in
more humid Northern provinces. This may show their dependence on moisture.
Relation to humidity must be studied in close connection to temperature.
8.6 Future Prospect
It seems that the future of sunn pest IPM must be constituted of integration of
different tactics. If other measurements do properly, it may lead to a reduction in
spraying area and also the complete omission of insecticides in some regions.
Biological control measurements will constitute an inseparable component of future
sunn pest management strategy. Both conservation and early season inundation will
be central in this program. The major actions in order to conserve natural enemies
and primarily egg parasitoids are exact timing and SSIPM (Karimzadeh et al.
2011a, b). This measurement avoids insecticide application in throughout a field
and spraying was done only in those places where the population exceeds ET. Other
places remain untreated as refugees for natural enemies. Choosing low-persistent
selective insecticides that benefit parasitoid/host ratio also is very important. An
early-season release program upon pioneer eggs will strengthen the crop protection.
In order to enhance parasitoids, habitat modification also will be very useful. Among
other measurements, vicinity of cereal fields to orchards, shade trees, other crops and
especially alfalfa fields seems to be very effective. This vicinity help parasitoids to
reproduce, feed, overwinter and find alternative hosts. Also, the vicinity of barley to
wheat cause sunn pest to attract to barley and do not attend in wheat. This has some
advantages. First barley is cheaper crop and has no tolerance level because only is
used as feed for livestock. On the other hand, infested crops can consume by
livestock. Second, barley always is in a more developed stage when pest comes in
and then the parasitoid-pest system can colonize sooner in barley and then spread in
8 Superfamily Platygastroidea: Natural Enemies of True Bugs, Moths, Other. . .
323
This may explain the reason of scarceness of T. vassilievi in colder provinces.
Both T. grandis and O. fecundus showed tendency to temperature of 26
C in a
confined container in which a gradient between 15 and 50
C was created (NozadBonab et al. 2014; Ahmadpour et al. 2014). More than 85% of the former crowded in
spaces with temperatures between 20 and 32
C and 90% of the latter between
20 and 30
C.
Other Factors
Effect of the other factors like light intensity, photoperiod and relative humidity was
not extensively studied. A single observation shows that parasitism by T. grandis has
limited to days longer than 13: 11 h (L: D) photoperiod (Iranipour 1996). Quantitative measurements, showed limited effects of both photoperiod and light intensity
on T. grandis (Teimouri et al. 2019). Females reproduced and larvae developed even
in darkness. Foerster et al. (2004) found that cold temperatures in short days may
induce overwintering in T. basalis and Telenomus podisi.
Some species like T. simoni and Telenomus chloropus are distributed only in
more humid Northern provinces. This may show their dependence on moisture.
Relation to humidity must be studied in close connection to temperature.
8.6 Future Prospect
It seems that the future of sunn pest IPM must be constituted of integration of
different tactics. If other measurements do properly, it may lead to a reduction in
spraying area and also the complete omission of insecticides in some regions.
Biological control measurements will constitute an inseparable component of future
sunn pest management strategy. Both conservation and early season inundation will
be central in this program. The major actions in order to conserve natural enemies
and primarily egg parasitoids are exact timing and SSIPM (Karimzadeh et al.
2011a, b). This measurement avoids insecticide application in throughout a field
and spraying was done only in those places where the population exceeds ET. Other
places remain untreated as refugees for natural enemies. Choosing low-persistent
selective insecticides that benefit parasitoid/host ratio also is very important. An
early-season release program upon pioneer eggs will strengthen the crop protection.
In order to enhance parasitoids, habitat modification also will be very useful. Among
other measurements, vicinity of cereal fields to orchards, shade trees, other crops and
especially alfalfa fields seems to be very effective. This vicinity help parasitoids to
reproduce, feed, overwinter and find alternative hosts. Also, the vicinity of barley to
wheat cause sunn pest to attract to barley and do not attend in wheat. This has some
advantages. First barley is cheaper crop and has no tolerance level because only is
used as feed for livestock. On the other hand, infested crops can consume by
livestock. Second, barley always is in a more developed stage when pest comes in
and then the parasitoid-pest system can colonize sooner in barley and then spread in
8 Superfamily Platygastroidea: Natural Enemies of True Bugs, Moths, Other. . .
323