growth of rot fungi. This moth passes three generations annually in Iran
(Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 2012). In the world, more than 80 species have been reported
of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea and 31 species of the superfamily Chalicoidea
associated with Grape berry moth (Yu et al. 2012). Biological control of Grape berry
moth by natural enemies is based on the mass rearing and releasing of egg parasitoids of the family Trichogrammatidae but there have been reported several larval or
pupal ichneumonoid parasitoids in Iran which are listed in Table 7.6. In the studied
areas of Urmia, a parasitism rate of hymenopterous larval parasitoids varied from 1%
to 16.8% during 2004–2006 (Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 2012).
The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lep.:
Tortricidae) is a univoltine moth, feed on the lower surface of leaves of apple trees.
This moth is not an important pest of apple in Iran (Rajabi 2011). The eye-spotted
bud moth has a large complex of parasitoids in the superfamily Ichneumonoidea
(101 species) in the world (Yu et al. 2012). Although, just one species, named
Lytopylus rufipes (Nees) on this pest has been reported from Iran (Shojai 1998).
The oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana (L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) is the most
serious pest of the oak trees in the western Palaearctic. The moth takes one generation a year and passes most of the year from July to March in the egg developmental
stage. The larvae of the moth feed on buds and leaves of the oak trees and in high
populations can completely defoliate their tree host. This pest distributed in the north
and west parts of Iran. Populations of T. viridana has been affected by different
species of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. There have been yet identified 142 species of Ichneumonoidea associated with the oak leaf roller moth in the world
(Yu et al. 2012). A recent study in the west of Iran showed that four species of
Ichneumonidae parasitized the larval and pupal stages of the pest (Table 7.6)
(Mohammadi-Khoramabadi et al. 2016a).
The apple ermine, Yponomeuta malinella Zeller (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) is a
univoltine species distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. The larvae of
the apple ermine feed gregariously on leaves and can severely defoliate apple trees
(Rajabi 2011). Rajabi et al. (2011) reared 13 parasitoid species of Hymenoptera and
2 parasitoid species of Diptera on the larvae and pupae of the apple ermine. There
have been globally reported 32 species of Chalicidoidea and 86 species of
Ichneumonidae associated with the apple ermine (Yu et al. 2012). The known
parasitoids of the apple ermine in Iran belonging to the superfamily Ichneumonoidea
are listed in Table 7.6. The rate of parasitism of these ichneumonoid parasitoids was
not documented.
Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) parasitizes with six chalcidoids species including
three Eulophidae (Aprostocetus arrabonicus (Erdös), Elasmus biroi Erdös and
E. platyedrae Ferrière), two Eurytomidae (Aximopsis augasmae (Zerova) and A.
near ghazvini (Zerova)) and one Pteromalidae species (Cyrtoptyx lichtensteini
(Masi)) (Lotfalizadeh and Hosseini 2014). Although this pest has nine Braconidae
and eight Ichneumonidae species in Iran (see Table 7.6).
272
H. Lotfalizadeh and A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi
(Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 2012). In the world, more than 80 species have been reported
of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea and 31 species of the superfamily Chalicoidea
associated with Grape berry moth (Yu et al. 2012). Biological control of Grape berry
moth by natural enemies is based on the mass rearing and releasing of egg parasitoids of the family Trichogrammatidae but there have been reported several larval or
pupal ichneumonoid parasitoids in Iran which are listed in Table 7.6. In the studied
areas of Urmia, a parasitism rate of hymenopterous larval parasitoids varied from 1%
to 16.8% during 2004–2006 (Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 2012).
The eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lep.:
Tortricidae) is a univoltine moth, feed on the lower surface of leaves of apple trees.
This moth is not an important pest of apple in Iran (Rajabi 2011). The eye-spotted
bud moth has a large complex of parasitoids in the superfamily Ichneumonoidea
(101 species) in the world (Yu et al. 2012). Although, just one species, named
Lytopylus rufipes (Nees) on this pest has been reported from Iran (Shojai 1998).
The oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana (L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) is the most
serious pest of the oak trees in the western Palaearctic. The moth takes one generation a year and passes most of the year from July to March in the egg developmental
stage. The larvae of the moth feed on buds and leaves of the oak trees and in high
populations can completely defoliate their tree host. This pest distributed in the north
and west parts of Iran. Populations of T. viridana has been affected by different
species of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. There have been yet identified 142 species of Ichneumonoidea associated with the oak leaf roller moth in the world
(Yu et al. 2012). A recent study in the west of Iran showed that four species of
Ichneumonidae parasitized the larval and pupal stages of the pest (Table 7.6)
(Mohammadi-Khoramabadi et al. 2016a).
The apple ermine, Yponomeuta malinella Zeller (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) is a
univoltine species distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. The larvae of
the apple ermine feed gregariously on leaves and can severely defoliate apple trees
(Rajabi 2011). Rajabi et al. (2011) reared 13 parasitoid species of Hymenoptera and
2 parasitoid species of Diptera on the larvae and pupae of the apple ermine. There
have been globally reported 32 species of Chalicidoidea and 86 species of
Ichneumonidae associated with the apple ermine (Yu et al. 2012). The known
parasitoids of the apple ermine in Iran belonging to the superfamily Ichneumonoidea
are listed in Table 7.6. The rate of parasitism of these ichneumonoid parasitoids was
not documented.
Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) parasitizes with six chalcidoids species including
three Eulophidae (Aprostocetus arrabonicus (Erdös), Elasmus biroi Erdös and
E. platyedrae Ferrière), two Eurytomidae (Aximopsis augasmae (Zerova) and A.
near ghazvini (Zerova)) and one Pteromalidae species (Cyrtoptyx lichtensteini
(Masi)) (Lotfalizadeh and Hosseini 2014). Although this pest has nine Braconidae
and eight Ichneumonidae species in Iran (see Table 7.6).
272
H. Lotfalizadeh and A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi