damage is so intensive that leaves begin to drop mid-summer some years. New
vegetation causes trees to weaken. A female wasp can parasitize 200 eggs. In
addition, it can also feed on a few eggs prior to parasitism. In 1977 and 1978 the
first adults emerged early May. This wasp as well as another pupal parasitoid
T. brevistigma Gahan has considerable effect on the G. luteola of the first generation.
A non-persistent insecticide application between the first and second generation
satisfy pest control up to the end of season without significant effect on the
parasitoid.
6.9.4 Family Torymidae
Oopristus safavii Stephan was collected from Apodiphus amygdalii Germar (Hem.
Pentatomidae) in Tehran in 1966 (Safavi 1973). After half a century, no other report
is present about this species.
6.9.5 Family Mymaridae
A few species of Mymaridae was reported in Iran. All of them are egg parasitoids of
other insects. Anaphes (Patasson) sp. attacks eggs of Hypera postica (Col.
Curculionidae) in Southwestern (Yasuj) alfalfa fields. Parasitism rate is as low as
3% (Saeedi 2007). Anagrus atomus L. is the most known species of this family. It
attacks a few species of plant hoppers including Arboridia Kermanshah (Hem.
Cicadellidae) in Isfahan (Latifian 1998; Latifian and Soleymannezhadian 2008;
Hesami et al. 2001) and Khorasan vineyards (Triapitsyn 1998), Circulifer tenellus
in sugarbeet fields of Karaj (Walker et al. 1997) and Empoasca decipiens in bean
fields of Tehran (Naseri et al. 2007). It is also a parasitoid of a few planthoppers in
Europe and Turkey. For example Empoasca vitis (Arno et al. 1987; Chiappini et al.
1996) E. decipiens (Schmidt 2000) and Arboridia adanae (Yigit and Erkilic 1987)
are attacked by it. This parasitoid switches to alternate hosts (other planthoppers’
eggs) at winter in vineyards because target host E. vitis hibernate as stage other than
egg. This parasitoid is not able to control E. vitis although it has an important role in
its population reduction (Latifian and Soleymannejadian, 2008). Naseri et al. (2007)
observed density independent mortalirty of E. decipiens in four bean varieties. Those
varieties with dense trichoms did not colonized by the parasitoid at all. In contrast,
Agboka et al. (2004) reported an inverse density dependent relationship between
mortality and host population density.
Erythmelus panis Enocl attacks Stephanitis pyri F. (Hem. Tingidae) eggs
(Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 1998). This is a specific pest of pear trees with low importance. Parasitism rate achieves 6–32%.
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S. Iranipour and N. Vaez
vegetation causes trees to weaken. A female wasp can parasitize 200 eggs. In
addition, it can also feed on a few eggs prior to parasitism. In 1977 and 1978 the
first adults emerged early May. This wasp as well as another pupal parasitoid
T. brevistigma Gahan has considerable effect on the G. luteola of the first generation.
A non-persistent insecticide application between the first and second generation
satisfy pest control up to the end of season without significant effect on the
parasitoid.
6.9.4 Family Torymidae
Oopristus safavii Stephan was collected from Apodiphus amygdalii Germar (Hem.
Pentatomidae) in Tehran in 1966 (Safavi 1973). After half a century, no other report
is present about this species.
6.9.5 Family Mymaridae
A few species of Mymaridae was reported in Iran. All of them are egg parasitoids of
other insects. Anaphes (Patasson) sp. attacks eggs of Hypera postica (Col.
Curculionidae) in Southwestern (Yasuj) alfalfa fields. Parasitism rate is as low as
3% (Saeedi 2007). Anagrus atomus L. is the most known species of this family. It
attacks a few species of plant hoppers including Arboridia Kermanshah (Hem.
Cicadellidae) in Isfahan (Latifian 1998; Latifian and Soleymannezhadian 2008;
Hesami et al. 2001) and Khorasan vineyards (Triapitsyn 1998), Circulifer tenellus
in sugarbeet fields of Karaj (Walker et al. 1997) and Empoasca decipiens in bean
fields of Tehran (Naseri et al. 2007). It is also a parasitoid of a few planthoppers in
Europe and Turkey. For example Empoasca vitis (Arno et al. 1987; Chiappini et al.
1996) E. decipiens (Schmidt 2000) and Arboridia adanae (Yigit and Erkilic 1987)
are attacked by it. This parasitoid switches to alternate hosts (other planthoppers’
eggs) at winter in vineyards because target host E. vitis hibernate as stage other than
egg. This parasitoid is not able to control E. vitis although it has an important role in
its population reduction (Latifian and Soleymannejadian, 2008). Naseri et al. (2007)
observed density independent mortalirty of E. decipiens in four bean varieties. Those
varieties with dense trichoms did not colonized by the parasitoid at all. In contrast,
Agboka et al. (2004) reported an inverse density dependent relationship between
mortality and host population density.
Erythmelus panis Enocl attacks Stephanitis pyri F. (Hem. Tingidae) eggs
(Akbarzadeh-Shoukat 1998). This is a specific pest of pear trees with low importance. Parasitism rate achieves 6–32%.
222
S. Iranipour and N. Vaez