A. clifornicus and P. persimilis were used against two-spotted spider mite
(Baniameri and Farokhi 2011).
Compared to the other predatory mite families reported from Iran, the fauna of the
Phytoseiidae is well known. According to the literature, about 85 recorded and
described species are known from Iran (McMurtry 1977; Sepasgosarian 1977;
Daneshvar 1978, 1980, 1987; Daneshvar and Denmark 1982; Hajizadeh et al.
2002; Kolodochka et al. 2003; Faraji et al. 2007; Rahmani et al. 2010; Zare et al.
2012; Asali Fayaz et al. 2013; Hajizadeh and Mortazavi 2015). The unique monophagous species of this family, P. persimilis firstly was introduced into Iran from the
Netherlands (Wageningen University) in 1988 (Daneshvar 1989) after its widespread dispersal in European countries and the USA (Shirazi et al. 2011). This
species was proved to be effective in controlling spider mites under greenhouses
and outdoor conditions (Daneshvar and Abaii 1994). Since then, huge lots of studies
considered its biology, efficiency, functional and numerical responses, pesticide
tolerance, dispersal pattern, patch residence behaviour, chemical ecology, and
even mass rearing requirements.
Studying the chemical ecology of P. persimilis and olfactory response of this
predator is among the interesting research fields, which directly influence the
efficiency of this biocontrol agent. Regarding this point, the attractive response of
P. persimilis to common bean volatiles (from four cultivars) induced by T. urticae
feedings have been evaluated and confirmed that the quality and quantity of volatiles
released by different host plant species significantly influenced on attractiveness of
P. persimilis (Tahmasebi et al. 2012; Maleknia et al. 2012). Furthermore, experienced predators showed a higher response to T. urticae infested red bean leaves than
naïve individuals (Mohammadi et al. 2012). However, further studies still should be
carried on to elucidate the role of HIPV (Herbivore-induced plant volatiles) as
an attracting source of P. persimilis toward infested host plants (Zahedi Golpayegani
et al. 2010).
This predator showed type III functional response to two- spotted spider mites;
however, it has been reported that according to handling time and age-stage consumption rate, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 is significantly more efficient in predation on T. urticae eggs than P. persimilis (Moghadasi
et al. 2013a, b). Interestingly, despite more predation efficiency, the intrinsic rate of
increase of T. bagdasarjani was significantly lower than the corresponding value of
P. persimilis on spider mite eggs (Moghadasi et al. 2013c). The possible outcome of
combined application of P. persimilis with other biocontrol agents (e.g. Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912)) on two- spotted spider mite population have
been studied (Seiedy and Tork 2013; Zamanpour et al. 2019) and it has been reported
that in some cases they were not compatible (Seiedy and Tork 2013). This claim was
proved when it has been shown that P. persimilis refused to attack to Beauveria
bassiana-infected spider mites (Seiedy et al. 2012). This finding could be important
in the simultaneous releasing of these two agents.
Recently, some researches studied the effect of different acaricide residues on life
table parameters, fecundity and demography of P. persimilis e.g., it has been shown
that Primphos methyl (Actellic
® ) did not have any hazardous effect for P. persimilis.
146
H. Madadi and H. Kamali
(Baniameri and Farokhi 2011).
Compared to the other predatory mite families reported from Iran, the fauna of the
Phytoseiidae is well known. According to the literature, about 85 recorded and
described species are known from Iran (McMurtry 1977; Sepasgosarian 1977;
Daneshvar 1978, 1980, 1987; Daneshvar and Denmark 1982; Hajizadeh et al.
2002; Kolodochka et al. 2003; Faraji et al. 2007; Rahmani et al. 2010; Zare et al.
2012; Asali Fayaz et al. 2013; Hajizadeh and Mortazavi 2015). The unique monophagous species of this family, P. persimilis firstly was introduced into Iran from the
Netherlands (Wageningen University) in 1988 (Daneshvar 1989) after its widespread dispersal in European countries and the USA (Shirazi et al. 2011). This
species was proved to be effective in controlling spider mites under greenhouses
and outdoor conditions (Daneshvar and Abaii 1994). Since then, huge lots of studies
considered its biology, efficiency, functional and numerical responses, pesticide
tolerance, dispersal pattern, patch residence behaviour, chemical ecology, and
even mass rearing requirements.
Studying the chemical ecology of P. persimilis and olfactory response of this
predator is among the interesting research fields, which directly influence the
efficiency of this biocontrol agent. Regarding this point, the attractive response of
P. persimilis to common bean volatiles (from four cultivars) induced by T. urticae
feedings have been evaluated and confirmed that the quality and quantity of volatiles
released by different host plant species significantly influenced on attractiveness of
P. persimilis (Tahmasebi et al. 2012; Maleknia et al. 2012). Furthermore, experienced predators showed a higher response to T. urticae infested red bean leaves than
naïve individuals (Mohammadi et al. 2012). However, further studies still should be
carried on to elucidate the role of HIPV (Herbivore-induced plant volatiles) as
an attracting source of P. persimilis toward infested host plants (Zahedi Golpayegani
et al. 2010).
This predator showed type III functional response to two- spotted spider mites;
however, it has been reported that according to handling time and age-stage consumption rate, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 is significantly more efficient in predation on T. urticae eggs than P. persimilis (Moghadasi
et al. 2013a, b). Interestingly, despite more predation efficiency, the intrinsic rate of
increase of T. bagdasarjani was significantly lower than the corresponding value of
P. persimilis on spider mite eggs (Moghadasi et al. 2013c). The possible outcome of
combined application of P. persimilis with other biocontrol agents (e.g. Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912)) on two- spotted spider mite population have
been studied (Seiedy and Tork 2013; Zamanpour et al. 2019) and it has been reported
that in some cases they were not compatible (Seiedy and Tork 2013). This claim was
proved when it has been shown that P. persimilis refused to attack to Beauveria
bassiana-infected spider mites (Seiedy et al. 2012). This finding could be important
in the simultaneous releasing of these two agents.
Recently, some researches studied the effect of different acaricide residues on life
table parameters, fecundity and demography of P. persimilis e.g., it has been shown
that Primphos methyl (Actellic
® ) did not have any hazardous effect for P. persimilis.
146
H. Madadi and H. Kamali