213
prepared from bagasse has been proved effective for detoxification of AFB1 in the
gastrointestinal tract of chicks, and no negative symptoms was reported. Aflatoxin
oxidase, an enzyme of Armillaria tabescens, presents a detoxifying activity toward
AFB1. This reaction is dependent on oxygen and hydrogen peroxide production,
which may play the crucial role in detoxification of aflatoxin oxidase. Laccase is
another enzyme that has proven its detoxifying affinity for AFB1. Furthermore,
manganese peroxidase is an enzyme of Pleurotus ostreatus which may detoxify
AFB1 according to the enzyme concentration and the incubation period; this detoxification can reach 90% at 1.5 IU/mL of enzyme during 48 h of incubation. The
treatment with kaempferol also decreases toxic effects of AFB1.
12.9.7.4 Detoxification Using Biomolecules of Fungi
Fungal proteins are molecules of small sizes very basic and rich in cysteine such as
PgAFP, NFAP, and PC-Arctin. The NFAP induces an oxidative stress in sensitive
fungi causing the apoptosis, whereas PgAFP inhibits growth in some toxigenic
molds. A recent study proved a reduction growth of A. flavus with significant
changes including several proteins at concentration higher than 9.38 mg/mL of
PgAFP. Cells treated by PgAFP showed a more intense oxidation.
12.9.7.5 Detoxification Using Actinomycetes
New control strategies have been developed in recent years based on the use of
actinomycetes. A study conducted on Cuban soil led to isolation of 563 actinomycetes, in which 50.7% have an antifungal activity against Candida, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Colletotrichum musae, probably
due to the production of antibiotics belonging to the families of aminoglycoside,
anthracycline, or polyether ionophore and polyene macrolide antibiotic. Another
study conducted by Okudoh and Wallis in 2007 revealed that actinomycete isolates
from forest soil had an antimicrobial activity better than those from the riparian soil.
Isolates from poultry manure, straws, chickens, and compost soil had inhibition
zones varying between 20 and 30 mm against Candida utilis (Gacem and El HadjKhelil 2016).
12.9.8 Detection of Aflatoxin in Food
Aflatoxin determination is no longer a particularly difficult task using current thinlayer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
and immunochemical techniques. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and MI can be readily
separated and detected using either normal- or reversed-phase TLC or HPLC techniques, with HPLC becoming increasingly the method of choice. The challenges
12 Fungal Mycotoxins
prepared from bagasse has been proved effective for detoxification of AFB1 in the
gastrointestinal tract of chicks, and no negative symptoms was reported. Aflatoxin
oxidase, an enzyme of Armillaria tabescens, presents a detoxifying activity toward
AFB1. This reaction is dependent on oxygen and hydrogen peroxide production,
which may play the crucial role in detoxification of aflatoxin oxidase. Laccase is
another enzyme that has proven its detoxifying affinity for AFB1. Furthermore,
manganese peroxidase is an enzyme of Pleurotus ostreatus which may detoxify
AFB1 according to the enzyme concentration and the incubation period; this detoxification can reach 90% at 1.5 IU/mL of enzyme during 48 h of incubation. The
treatment with kaempferol also decreases toxic effects of AFB1.
12.9.7.4 Detoxification Using Biomolecules of Fungi
Fungal proteins are molecules of small sizes very basic and rich in cysteine such as
PgAFP, NFAP, and PC-Arctin. The NFAP induces an oxidative stress in sensitive
fungi causing the apoptosis, whereas PgAFP inhibits growth in some toxigenic
molds. A recent study proved a reduction growth of A. flavus with significant
changes including several proteins at concentration higher than 9.38 mg/mL of
PgAFP. Cells treated by PgAFP showed a more intense oxidation.
12.9.7.5 Detoxification Using Actinomycetes
New control strategies have been developed in recent years based on the use of
actinomycetes. A study conducted on Cuban soil led to isolation of 563 actinomycetes, in which 50.7% have an antifungal activity against Candida, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Colletotrichum musae, probably
due to the production of antibiotics belonging to the families of aminoglycoside,
anthracycline, or polyether ionophore and polyene macrolide antibiotic. Another
study conducted by Okudoh and Wallis in 2007 revealed that actinomycete isolates
from forest soil had an antimicrobial activity better than those from the riparian soil.
Isolates from poultry manure, straws, chickens, and compost soil had inhibition
zones varying between 20 and 30 mm against Candida utilis (Gacem and El HadjKhelil 2016).
12.9.8 Detection of Aflatoxin in Food
Aflatoxin determination is no longer a particularly difficult task using current thinlayer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),
and immunochemical techniques. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and MI can be readily
separated and detected using either normal- or reversed-phase TLC or HPLC techniques, with HPLC becoming increasingly the method of choice. The challenges
12 Fungal Mycotoxins