203
• Efficacy of active component verified by scientific data
• A low effective inclusion rate
• Stability over a wide pH range
• High capacity to absorb high concentrations of mycotoxins
• High affinity to absorb low concentrations of mycotoxins
• Affirmation of chemical interaction between mycotoxin and adsorbent
• Proven in vivo data with all major mycotoxins
• Nontoxic, environmentally friendly component
Since not all mycotoxins can be bound to such agents, the latest approach to
mycotoxin control is mycotoxin deactivation. By means of enzymes (esterase, deepoxidase), yeast (Trichosporon mycotoxinvorans), or bacterial strains (Eubacterium
BBSH 797), mycotoxins can be reduced during preharvesting contamination. Other
removal methods include physical separation, washing, milling, nixtamalization,
heat treatment, radiation, extraction with solvents, and the use of chemical or biological agents. Irradiation methods have proven to be an effective treatment against
mold growth and toxin production (Adeyeye 2016; Ashiq 2015; Kabak et al. 2006).
12.7 Mycotoxin Analysis
These methods are usually based on labor-intensive sample preparation protocols
followed by traditional chromatographic separation (mostly, LC). Gas chromatography (GC) either with electron capture detection (ECD) or mass spectrometric
(MS) detection is used in mycotoxin analysis, e.g., for trichothecene or battalion
determination, but less frequently than alternative methods. In some cases, fast and
accurate screening methods based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
are applied instead of the more labor-intensive LC methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) provides a cheaper alternative to LC-based methods and has an important role, especially in developing countries, for surveillance purposes and control
of regulatory limit. Modern sample cleanup techniques, such as immunoaffinity
columns (IAC) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods, help to simplify protocols
and improve selectivity and, thus, performance characteristics (Krska et al. 2008).
The introduction of ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has
allowed faster efficient chromatographic separations, reducing runtimes. Besides,
narrower peaks are obtained, which result in increased sensitivity and improved
peak resolution. Some applications of this technique on mycotoxin analysis field
have been recently reported in combination with tandem MS. UHPLC coupled to
triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ), in selected reaction monitoring (SRM)
mode, is at present considered as one of the most selective and sensitive techniques
for quantification and confirmation of organic contaminants and residues in food,
mycotoxin analysis included, as illustrated by the most recent scientific literature. In
a recent work, we developed a rapid method with little sample manipulation for the
simultaneous determination of 11 regulated mycotoxins in different food
12 Fungal Mycotoxins
• Efficacy of active component verified by scientific data
• A low effective inclusion rate
• Stability over a wide pH range
• High capacity to absorb high concentrations of mycotoxins
• High affinity to absorb low concentrations of mycotoxins
• Affirmation of chemical interaction between mycotoxin and adsorbent
• Proven in vivo data with all major mycotoxins
• Nontoxic, environmentally friendly component
Since not all mycotoxins can be bound to such agents, the latest approach to
mycotoxin control is mycotoxin deactivation. By means of enzymes (esterase, deepoxidase), yeast (Trichosporon mycotoxinvorans), or bacterial strains (Eubacterium
BBSH 797), mycotoxins can be reduced during preharvesting contamination. Other
removal methods include physical separation, washing, milling, nixtamalization,
heat treatment, radiation, extraction with solvents, and the use of chemical or biological agents. Irradiation methods have proven to be an effective treatment against
mold growth and toxin production (Adeyeye 2016; Ashiq 2015; Kabak et al. 2006).
12.7 Mycotoxin Analysis
These methods are usually based on labor-intensive sample preparation protocols
followed by traditional chromatographic separation (mostly, LC). Gas chromatography (GC) either with electron capture detection (ECD) or mass spectrometric
(MS) detection is used in mycotoxin analysis, e.g., for trichothecene or battalion
determination, but less frequently than alternative methods. In some cases, fast and
accurate screening methods based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
are applied instead of the more labor-intensive LC methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) provides a cheaper alternative to LC-based methods and has an important role, especially in developing countries, for surveillance purposes and control
of regulatory limit. Modern sample cleanup techniques, such as immunoaffinity
columns (IAC) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods, help to simplify protocols
and improve selectivity and, thus, performance characteristics (Krska et al. 2008).
The introduction of ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has
allowed faster efficient chromatographic separations, reducing runtimes. Besides,
narrower peaks are obtained, which result in increased sensitivity and improved
peak resolution. Some applications of this technique on mycotoxin analysis field
have been recently reported in combination with tandem MS. UHPLC coupled to
triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ), in selected reaction monitoring (SRM)
mode, is at present considered as one of the most selective and sensitive techniques
for quantification and confirmation of organic contaminants and residues in food,
mycotoxin analysis included, as illustrated by the most recent scientific literature. In
a recent work, we developed a rapid method with little sample manipulation for the
simultaneous determination of 11 regulated mycotoxins in different food
12 Fungal Mycotoxins