200
mycotoxins occurring in food have longer-term chronic or cumulative effects on
health, including the induction of cancers and immune deficiency (Ayalew 2010).
Many of these mycotoxins can cause serious problems in livestock resulting in
substantial economic losses. The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, and ergot alkaloids. These mycotoxins are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive (Es’haghi
et al. 2011).
Table 12.1 Common types of mycotoxins, taxa producing them, and their chemical groups
Name
Species/genus/group
Chemical group
Citreoviridin
Penicillium citreo-viride
Pyranone derivative
Citrinin
Penicillium, Monascus,
Aspergillus terreus
Benzopyran compound
Cyclopiazonic acid
Penicillium, Aspergillus
Indole tetramic acid
Frequentin
P. frequentans
Carbocyclic compound
Gliotoxin
A. fumigatus
Epipolythiodioxopiperazine
Mycophenolic acid
Penicillium
Meroterpenoid compound
Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus, Penicillium
Benzopyran compound
Palitantin
Penicillium
Cyclohexane derivative
Patulin
Penicillium, Aspergillus
Benzopyran compound
Penicillic acid
Penicillium, Aspergillus
Isopropylidene tetronic acid
Penitrem A
Penicillium
Indole diterpene alkaloid
Roquefortine
Penicillium
Diketopiperazine compound
Rubratoxin B
Penicillium rubrum
Alpha, beta unsaturated lactone
Viomellein
Penicillium
Benzopyran compound
Acetyldeoxynivalenol
(Adeyeye 2016)
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
Deoxynivalenol (Ahlberg
et al. 2015)
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
Beauvericin
Fusarium
Hexadepsipeptide compound
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
Enniatin
Fusarium
Cyclic depsipeptide
Fumonisins
Fusarium
Monoterpenes
Fusaric acid
Fusarium
Picolinic acid derivative,
carboxylic acid
HT-2 toxin
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
Moniliformin
Fusarium
Cyclobutane compound, dione
Nivalenol
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
T-2 toxin
Fusarium
Trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid
Zearalenone/F-2 toxin
Fusarium
Estrogenic compound
Aflatoxin
Aspergillus
Difuranocoumarin derivative
Tenuazonic acid
Alternaria tenuis
Acetyltetramic acid (Adeyeye
2016)
Cytochalasin
Phoma
Polyketide-amino acid hybrid
N. M. Abdelmotilib et al.